Building the Future of Biodefense
Biothreat intelligence to deter and detect natural, accidental, deliberate and novel biological agents.
ADVISORY
Cambodia reports a new H5N1 human case, the 4th in the past month and 7th of 2025
06/24/2025
Cambodia, Siem Reap
Recommendation: This new H5N1 case in an individual with exposure to sick birds in Cambodia does not change PHC's recommendations for organizations. No human-to-human spread of avian influenza has been detected. Organizations should follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on 1/10 and 2/13, including lowering barriers to seasonal flu vaccines for their employees. Employees should avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry.
Situation: Cambodia confirmed its 7th H5N1 human case this year. The case was reported from Siem Reap Province in an adult who had exposure to sick and dead birds before symptom onset. She is currently hospitalized and is in critical condition. 4 of the 7 H5N1 human cases in Cambodia were reported in the past month. See PHC alerts on 6/23, 6/16, 5/28, 3/24, and 2/26 for earlier info. [Confidence: Very High]
WATCH
Mexico reports 4 more measles deaths, totaling 9 for 2025
06/24/2025
Mexico
Recommendation: Organizations in Mexico should provide flexible work schedules to support employees making vaccine appointments for themselves or family members. Measles is highly contagious and can quickly spread among unvaccinated individuals in a work environment.
Situation: Mexico reported 4 more measles deaths, totaling 9 for 2025 (8 in Chihuahua and 1 in Sonora). Cases continue to fluctuate in recent weeks, but remain below levels seen in April. So far this year, 5,410 probable measles cases were reported, of which 2,597 were confirmed. Chihuahua remains the most affected state. See PHC alerts on 6/16, 6/4, 5/22, 5/2, and 4/18 for earlier info. [Confidence: Very High]
WATCH
Bolivia's measles outbreak surges to 50 confirmed cases and over 300 suspected cases
06/24/2025
Bolivia
Recommendation: Organizations in Bolivia should provide flexible work schedules to support employees making vaccine appointments for themselves or family members. Measles is highly contagious and can quickly spread among unvaccinated individuals in a work environment.
Situation: The measles outbreak in Bolivia reached 50 confirmed cases and over 300 suspected cases. The outbreak started in late April with an imported case from Russia, where the disease then spread among a Mennonite community, following exposures at 2 religious gatherings in Santa Cruz. Of the 50 confirmed cases, 47 were reported in Santa Cruz, with the remaining 3 cases in La Paz (2) and Potosi (1). Health officials implemented vaccination blockade brigades within a 5-block radius of families that test positive. See PHC alerts on 6/9 and 6/20 for earlier info. [Confidence: Very High]
ADVISORY
Leptospirosis cases surge in Ecuador, tripling compared to last year’s numbers
06/23/2025
Ecuador
Recommendation: Leptospirosis can be severe but is treatable. Organizations in Ecuador should take measures to provide access to clean water and ensure facilities are free of rodents and other animal pests. Any animal urine should be cleaned with bleach; wet the soiled area with bleach before wiping up. Employees should always wear gloves when handling animals or their urine.
Situation: Leptospirosis cases in Ecuador increased in the first 5 months of 2025, surpassing the total for all of 2024. As of 6/1, 771 cases were reported, 3x times higher than during the same period last year, and the highest in 5 years. No deaths have been reported. Provinces with the most cases are in Guayas (190 cases), followed by Manabà (178 cases) and Zamora Chinchipe (75 cases). Media sources reported that the proliferation of rodents in concert with heavy rainfall, the accumulation of garbage, and the absence of rodent prevention campaigns are contributing to the spread of disease. See PHC alert 5/8 for an earlier update. [Confidence: Very High]
ADVISORY
4 avian influenza human cases reported in China in June: 3 H9N2 and 1 H10N3
06/23/2025
China, Henan ShengChina, Sichuan ShengChina, Hunan ShengChina, Shaanxi
Recommendation: China reports avian influenza H9N2 human cases sporadically, while H10N3 human cases are rare and usually associated with severe disease. Historically, the risk of an outbreak from either H9N2 or H10N3 has been extremely low since human-to-human transmission does not usually occur. Employees in or traveling to China should avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry.
Situation: The World Health Organization reported 3 new human cases of H9N2 in China in mid-June. The cases were detected in Henan, Sichuan, and Hunan Provinces, all with symptom onset in May and with reported poultry exposure. No contacts of the cases reported any symptoms. Additionally, 1 H10N3 human case was detected in Shaanxi Province in a farmer with onset in April. A source of exposure was not specified. In China, 130 H9N2 human cases and 6 H10N3 human cases were reported since 2015. [Confidence: Very High]
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PHC Navigator is a biothreat intelligence engine built on expert-curated and proprietary data and models that provides actionable intelligence and insights
PHC Vector
PHC Vector provides direct programmatic access to PHC Global intelligence to simplify an increasingly complex biodefense landscape
