Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1: Early Warning

PHC is tracking the evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 2.3.4.4b strain to provide early warning to PHC’s partners. Currently, the risk of person-to-person transmission of H5N1 is low, although as H5N1 expands into new animal reservoirs, this may change quickly.
As time passes, the risk of mutations that increase its severity or allow transmission between people increases — as does the risk of a pandemic.

Expert Insights

advisory
California reports 3rd possible human H5N1 avian influenza caseUnited States of America, California10/07/24

Given the numerous dairy herd outbreaks in California, the detection of positive dairy workers is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected, but additional human cases provide new opportunities for the virus to acquire genetic changes. As flu season begins, the potential for co-infection of H5N1 and a seasonal flu is concerning. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26....SEE MORE

Given the numerous dairy herd outbreaks in California, the detection of positive dairy workers is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected, but additional human cases provide new opportunities for the virus to acquire genetic changes. As flu season begins, the potential for co-infection of H5N1 and a seasonal flu is concerning. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

California is investigating a 3rd possible case of H5N1 avian influenza case in a Central Valley dairy worker with no known connection to the prior 2 human cases in California (see PHC alert 10/3). Samples have been sent to CDC for confirmatory testing. [Confidence: Very High]

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CDC confirms H5 avian flu in 2 California dairy workersUnited States of America10/03/24

Given the numerous dairy herd outbreaks in California, the detection of two positive dairy workers is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected, but additional human cases provide the virus new opportunities to acquire genetic changes. As flu season begins, the potential for co-infection of H5N1 and a seasonal flu is concerning. Contacts of the cases are being monitored. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26....SEE MORE

Given the numerous dairy herd outbreaks in California, the detection of two positive dairy workers is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected, but additional human cases provide the virus new opportunities to acquire genetic changes. As flu season begins, the potential for co-infection of H5N1 and a seasonal flu is concerning. Contacts of the cases are being monitored. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

CDC tests have confirmed H5 avian influenza in 2 California dairy workers: a suspected case that the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) had previously announced (see earlier PHC alert 10/3) and a previously unreported individual. Both cases had mild symptoms, did not report respiratory symptoms, and were not hospitalized. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
California reports possible case of H5N1 avian influenza in dairy workerUnited States of America10/03/24

Evidence of previously undetected H5N1 infections among dairy workers means that other cases likely occurred/are occurring. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26....SEE MORE

Evidence of previously undetected H5N1 infections among dairy workers means that other cases likely occurred/are occurring. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

California is investigating a possible case of H5N1 avian influenza case in a Central Valley dairy worker who handled H5N1-infected cattle. The preliminary test was positive for H5N1, and samples have been sent to CDC for confirmatory testing. The person's only symptom was conjunctivitis. 4 other US cases have been linked to the dairy industry since April (PHC alerts from 8/2, 7/5, and 5/30). [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Hong Kong implements poultry and egg import ban from California and Florida due to H5N1 outbreaks Hong Kong10/01/24

Hong Kong's import ban is a reminder that avian flu outbreaks can lead to economic losses. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on the H5N1 dairy outbreaks....SEE MORE

Hong Kong's import ban is a reminder that avian flu outbreaks can lead to economic losses. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on the H5N1 dairy outbreaks.

Hong Kong's Centre for Food Safety implemented an import ban on all poultry and egg imports from Merced County, California, and Orange County, Florida due to H5N1 outbreaks in these areas. 40,950 tons of poultry meat and 13.86 million eggs were imported to Hong Kong from the US in the first six months of 2024. [Confidence: Very High]

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New H5N1 detections in dairy herds in California and IdahoUnited States of America10/01/24

Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in more dairy herds in multiple states is not unexpected. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26....SEE MORE

Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in more dairy herds in multiple states is not unexpected. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

3 more H5N1-infected dairy herds were identified in California and 1 H5N1-infected dairy herd in Idaho, totaling 44 infected herds (CA) and 33 infected herds (ID) since the outbreak began. No human cases have been identified in these cattle outbreaks. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. No sustained human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Philippines bans importation of poultry from France due to avian influenza outbreaksPhilippines09/30/24

Poultry exporters should be prepared for additional export bans if they operate in countries with ongoing avian influenza outbreaks. Cost of poultry products may increase in areas with bans on importation of poultry....SEE MORE

Poultry exporters should be prepared for additional export bans if they operate in countries with ongoing avian influenza outbreaks. Cost of poultry products may increase in areas with bans on importation of poultry.

The Philippines banned the importation of live poultry, poultry products, and by-products from France after avian influenza started to spread within France in August (See PHC alert from 8/14). The Philippines regularly bans the import of birds and poultry products from countries with avian influenza outbreaks. [Confidence: Very High]

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Missouri H5N1 avian flu case exposed 4 additional health care workers who later developed respiratory symptomsUnited States of America10/03/24

Symptomatic contacts of an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian flu case in an individual without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Follow up testing will help determine if human-to-human transmission may have occurred. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate....SEE MORE

Symptomatic contacts of an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian flu case in an individual without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Follow up testing will help determine if human-to-human transmission may have occurred. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate.

Update to the recent human H5N1 avian flu case in Missouri (see PHC alerts 9/23, 9/16, 9/13 and 9/6): respiratory symptoms have been reported in 4 additional health care workers who were exposed to the avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b case after respiratory droplet precautions were put into place. Of the 6 healthcare workers exposed, 1 tested negative for H5N1 through PCR while the others' antibody test results are pending. Missouri has reported no confirmed human-to-human transmission. See PHC Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 critical threat for more information. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 detected in 6 more California dairy herds, totaling 42 infected herds in SeptemberUnited States of America, California09/26/24

Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in more dairy herds is not unexpected, though this is the largest number of infected herds in a state at one time. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in more dairy herds is not unexpected, though this is the largest number of infected herds in a state at one time. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

6 more H5N1-infected dairy herds were identified in California, totaling 42 infected herds in Sept. No human cases have been identified in these cattle outbreaks. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. No sustained human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Colombia lifts H5N1-related ban on US beef exports United States of America10/03/24

Colombia's import ban is a reminder that fear of avian flu outbreaks can lead to economic losses even when the disease is not identified in the affected product. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on the H5N1 dairy outbreaks....SEE MORE

Colombia's import ban is a reminder that fear of avian flu outbreaks can lead to economic losses even when the disease is not identified in the affected product. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on the H5N1 dairy outbreaks.

Colombia is once again allowing U.S. beef imports from all states, including those with H5N1 dairy herd outbreaks. In April, Colombia implemented import restrictions in response to H5N1 dairy herd outbreaks, the only country to do so. H5N1 has only been identified in dairy cows; some beef cows were tested, but found to be negative. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 detected in 18 more California dairy herds, totaling 31 infected herds in SeptemberUnited States of America09/24/24

Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in more dairy herds is not unexpected, though this is the largest number of infected herds in a state at one time. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in more dairy herds is not unexpected, though this is the largest number of infected herds in a state at one time. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

18 more H5N1-infected dairy herds were identified in California, totaling 31 infected herds in Sept. No human cases have been identified in these cattle outbreaks. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. No sustained human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Six months after H5N1 dairy herd outbreak, Michigan farmer reports continued economic losses United States of America, Michigan09/23/24

Evidence of longer term economic impacts on dairy farms from H5N1 outbreaks increases the potential for supply chain challenges and product cost fluctuations. No sustained human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26....SEE MORE

Evidence of longer term economic impacts on dairy farms from H5N1 outbreaks increases the potential for supply chain challenges and product cost fluctuations. No sustained human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Michigan dairy farms have reported aborted calves, milk production losses, and livestock death from the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak among dairy cattle. 29 dairy herds have been infected in Michigan, totaling 232 livestock herds across the US. On one farm in Michigan, milk production decreased by 25%, and 5% of the herd had to be culled resulting in $100K losses. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Missouri H5N1 avian flu case had second close contact, a symptomatic healthcare worker who was never tested United States of America09/23/24

Symptomatic close contacts of an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian flu case in an individual without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Follow up testing could help determine if human-to-human transmission may have occurred. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate....SEE MORE

Symptomatic close contacts of an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian flu case in an individual without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Follow up testing could help determine if human-to-human transmission may have occurred. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate.

Update to the recent human H5N1 avian flu case in Missouri (see PHC alerts 9/16, 9/13 and 9/6): a second close contact was identified, consisting of a healthcare worker who developed symptoms, but was never tested. Health officials are considering conducting follow up testing to determine if the close contacts may have evidence of previous H5N1 infection. CDC can only assist with an invitation from the state. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 detected in 6 more California dairy herdsUnited States of America09/20/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in more dairy herds is not unexpected. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. No sustained human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in more dairy herds is not unexpected. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. No sustained human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Six dairy herds in California tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, totaling 17 dairy herd outbreaks in the state. No human cases have been identified in this current outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Massachusetts reports all dairy herds negative for H5N1, 1st state to proactively test all herdsUnited States of America, Massachusetts09/18/24

Informational update only. ...SEE MORE

Informational update only.

Massachusetts tested its 95 licensed dairy herds for H5N1 and tests confirmed all were negative. MA is the 1st state to proactively test all herds for H5N1. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Texas reports H5N1 in 25th and 26th dairy herdsUnited States of America, Texas09/17/24

Informational update only. Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms....SEE MORE

Informational update only. Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

Two dairy herds in Texas tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, totaling 26 dairy herd outbreaks in the state. TX's last infected dairy herd was in Aug. No human cases have been identified in this current outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Canada advises against bringing cattle to industry events in the USA due to avian influenza H5N1 riskCanada09/17/24

For informational purposes only. Canada's recommendation that farmers not bring cattle to major livestock events illustrates the ripple effects of outbreaks to business. PHC will continue to monitor the avian influenza H5N1 outbreak in cattle....SEE MORE

For informational purposes only. Canada's recommendation that farmers not bring cattle to major livestock events illustrates the ripple effects of outbreaks to business. PHC will continue to monitor the avian influenza H5N1 outbreak in cattle.

Due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak currently spreading across the USA, Canada has advised farmers to not move cattle across international boundaries for USA agricultural exhibitions. [Confidence: Very High]

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Idaho reports 34th dairy herd with H5N1United States of America, Idaho09/17/24

Informational update only. Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms....SEE MORE

Informational update only. Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

A dairy herd in Idaho tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, the state's 34th dairy herd outbreak. ID's last infected dairy herd was in Aug. No human cases have been identified in this current outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Missouri avian flu case had H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, closely related to strain infecting dairy cows United States of America09/16/24

The detection of an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian flu case in an individual without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate....SEE MORE

The detection of an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian flu case in an individual without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate.

CDC reported that the recent human avian flu case in Missouri (see PHC alerts 9/13 and 9/6) was confirmed to be H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, closely related to the strain that has been infecting dairy cows. The case had a household contact who became symptomatic on the same day as the case but was never tested. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Texas reports H5N1 avian influenza in wastewater samples across the stateUnited States of America, Texas09/16/24

Informational update. The detection of high levels of H5N1 in wastewater is concerning but not surprising; it does not require an immediate business response. The wastewater samples indicate the strain is persisting and that interventions like limiting livestock movement will not eradicate the strain as USDA hoped. Ongoing H5N1 infections offer the virus more opportunities to adapt to humans. PHC will continue to monitor H5N1 and update businesses as necessary....SEE MORE

Informational update. The detection of high levels of H5N1 in wastewater is concerning but not surprising; it does not require an immediate business response. The wastewater samples indicate the strain is persisting and that interventions like limiting livestock movement will not eradicate the strain as USDA hoped. Ongoing H5N1 infections offer the virus more opportunities to adapt to humans. PHC will continue to monitor H5N1 and update businesses as necessary.

Researchers reported H5N1 avian influenza in wastewater samples in 10 Texan cities and at 22/23 wastewater sampling sites. Their analysis suggests multiple animal sources contributed to the detection. H5N1 had already been discovered in Texas wastewater in spring 2024. See PHC Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 critical threat for more information. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Victoria, Australia loosens poultry industry restrictions following 2 months with no new avian flu casesAustralia, Victoria09/13/24

Informational update only. Australia has reported periodic avian flu outbreaks at poultry farms. ...SEE MORE

Informational update only. Australia has reported periodic avian flu outbreaks at poultry farms.

Victoria, Australia loosened some poultry industry restrictions following 2 months with no new avian flu cases. The last avian flu outbreak in Victoria was June 24. Former restricted areas have been reduced to control areas, which allows for animal movement and poultry no longer confined inside. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5 human case in Missouri is deemed a "one off" case with no clear exposure sourceUnited States of America09/13/24

The detection of an H5 avian influenza case in a patient without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate....SEE MORE

The detection of an H5 avian influenza case in a patient without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate.

CDC reported that the recent H5 human case in Missouri (see PHC alert 9/6) had no clear exposure source. The case was deemed a "one off" with no increased risk of other human cases tied to this situation. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
California identifies H5N1 in 2 more dairy herds, totaling 8 in the stateUnited States of America, California09/13/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

California identified H5N1 avian flu in 2 more dairy herds, totaling 5 infected herds this week and 8 in CA this year. No human cases have been detected associated with the California outbreak and no human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
California identifies H5N1 in 3 more dairy herds, totaling 6 in the stateUnited States of America, California09/12/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

California identified H5N1 avian flu in 3 dairy herds in Central Valley, totaling 6 infected dairy herds in the state this year. No human cases have been detected associated with this outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Shiawassee County, Michigan detects H5N1 avian flu outbreak in dairy herd, state's 29th dairy herd outbreakMichigan, Shiawassee County09/10/24

Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms....SEE MORE

Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

A dairy herd in Shiawassee County, Michigan has tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. This is the 29th dairy herd to test positive for HPAI in the state. No human cases have been identified in this current outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Missouri reports avian influenza A (H5) case in person without animal exposureUnited States of America, Missouri09/07/24

The detection of an H5 avian influenza case in a patient without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate....SEE MORE

The detection of an H5 avian influenza case in a patient without known exposure to animals is a concerning new development. Businesses do not currently need to change their posture regarding H5N1 influenza. PHC will continue to monitor and will communicate updated risk assessments as appropriate.

Missouri reported its 1st human case of avian influenza A (H5). This case was discovered through routine influenza surveillance system as opposed to surveillance triggered by recent cattle outbreaks. As flu surveillance activity accelerates with the start of flu season, PHC will monitor closely for evidence of H5 becoming more common in people. See PHC Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 critical threat for more information. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Curry County, New Mexico reports dairy herd infected with H5N1 avian flu, state's 1st since AprilNew Mexico, Curry County09/03/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Curry County, New Mexico reported a dairy herd infected with H5N1 avian flu, the state's 9th dairy herd outbreak. This is NM's 1st dairy herd outbreak since April. No human cases have been detected associated with this outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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California confirmed that 3 dairy herds tested positive for H5N1, state's 1st H5N1 detection in dairy cowsUnited States of America, California09/03/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply and the affected herds are in counties that produce over half of CA's milk output. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. California produces about 20% of the US milk supply and the affected herds are in counties that produce over half of CA's milk output. The continued spread of H5N1 throughout the US increases the risk of volatility in milk prices; businesses that purchase milk and dairy products should maintain low confidence in cost projections. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

California confirmed that 3 dairy herds tested for positive for H5N1 avian flu (see PHC alert 8/30), the state's 1st H5N1 detection in dairy cows. CA is the 13th state to identify H5N1 among dairy herds. The affected herds are in Tulare, Merced, and Stanislaus counties. No human cases have been detected associated with this outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
California investigating possible H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks in 3 dairy herdsUnited States of America, California08/30/24

Businesses with interests in dairy may want to discuss milk testing programs and biosecurity measures such as worker PPE. No federally mandated bulk milk testing program has been implemented. The USDA has created a voluntary pilot weekly bulk milk testing program, which will reimburse farmers for lost milk production. Currently, only 33 dairy herds are being monitored nationally (1 in California). ...SEE MORE

Businesses with interests in dairy may want to discuss milk testing programs and biosecurity measures such as worker PPE. No federally mandated bulk milk testing program has been implemented. The USDA has created a voluntary pilot weekly bulk milk testing program, which will reimburse farmers for lost milk production. Currently, only 33 dairy herds are being monitored nationally (1 in California).

California reported investigating 3 dairy herds for H5N1 avian influenza. So far, 13 states have had dairy cattle test positive for H5N1. H5N1 can spread between wild birds, cattle, poultry, and between farms by farmworkers. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 vaccine field trials to begin with dairy cows United States of America08/29/24

Informational update only. Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. An H5N1 vaccine, used in conjunction with current biosecurity measures, could help minimize or control dairy herd outbreaks....SEE MORE

Informational update only. Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. An H5N1 vaccine, used in conjunction with current biosecurity measures, could help minimize or control dairy herd outbreaks.

The USDA announced that field trials will be conducted with a new H5N1 vaccine for use in dairy cows. The trial will assess vaccine safety, the first step towards widespread use of a vaccine. If the vaccine is found to be safe, effectiveness would be assessed next. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Van Buren County, Michigan reports H5N1 avian flu outbreak in dairy herd, state's 28th dairy herd outbreak Michigan, Van Buren County09/12/24

Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms. ...SEE MORE

Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

Van Buren County, Michigan reported an H5N1 outbreak in a dairy herd, the state's 28th avian flu outbreak in a dairy herd this year. Michigan last reported a dairy herd H5N1 outbreak in late July. No human cases have been identified with this current outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Second round of H5N1 testing on commercial dairy products found all samples negative for live virusUnited States of America08/16/24

Informational update only. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on the H5N1 avian flu outbreak....SEE MORE

Informational update only. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on the H5N1 avian flu outbreak.

The second round of testing for live H5N1 virus in commercial dairy products were all found to be negative for live virus. 167 samples were tested from retail products, including aged raw milk cheese, pasteurized milk, and products made from pasteurized milk, such as pasteurized cheeses, cream cheese, butter, and ice cream. See PHC alerts 7/5 and 7/1 about earlier testing studies with commercial dairy products for H5N1. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
US adding H5N1 to routine testing of culled dairy cows as part of the National Residue ProgramUnited States of America08/16/24

Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms. ...SEE MORE

Multiple states have reported H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

USDA announced that they will add H5N1 avian flu to routine testing of culled dairy cows as part of their surveillance program, the National Residue Program (NRP). H5N1 testing will begin Sept 16. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Colorado reports another H5N1-infected dairy herdUnited States of America, Colorado08/09/24

Informational update only. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms. ...SEE MORE

Informational update only. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

Colorado reported another H5N1 outbreak in a dairy herd. This outbreak is occurring in a herd that had previously been infected in the spring. This is Colorado's 63rd dairy herd outbreak since April. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Nebraska State Fair requiring H5N1 testing of dairy cows amid avian flu concernsUnited States of America, Nebraska08/09/24

Informational purposes only. Testing lactating cows participating in the State Fair reflects the ongoing concern about avian flu transmission between cows and humans. ...SEE MORE

Informational purposes only. Testing lactating cows participating in the State Fair reflects the ongoing concern about avian flu transmission between cows and humans.

The Nebraska State Fair is requiring H5N1 testing of all participating lactating dairy cows amid avian flu concerns. Nebraska has not identified any H5N1-infected dairy herds, but bordering states Colorado, Kansas and Iowa have all had dairy outbreaks. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Colorado's bulk-tank milk testing identifies 9 more H5N1 dairy herd outbreaksUnited States of America, Colorado08/07/24

Informational update only. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms. ...SEE MORE

Informational update only. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

Colorado reported 9 more H5N1 outbreaks among dairy herds, all detected via their required bulk-tank milk testing. Colorado has identified 63 H5N1-infected dairy herds since April. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 avian flu detected in 3 more dairy herds, totaling 181 outbreaks from 13 states during 2024United States of America, Colorado08/06/24

Colorado, South Dakota, and Texas have reported new avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms. ...SEE MORE

Colorado, South Dakota, and Texas have reported new avian flu outbreaks in dairy herds. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

H5N1 avian flu was detected in 3 more dairy herds in the last week, totaling 181 dairy herd outbreaks from 13 states during 2024. The newest dairy herd outbreaks were identified in Colorado, South Dakota, and Texas. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 confirmed in 3 new mammal species United States of America08/02/24

Informational update only. Enterprise businesses are not directly affected, but detection of H5N1 in new mammal species illustrates that the disease continues to spread to new animal groups. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak....SEE MORE

Informational update only. Enterprise businesses are not directly affected, but detection of H5N1 in new mammal species illustrates that the disease continues to spread to new animal groups. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak.

Weld County, Colorado reported detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in 3 new mammal species: deer mouse, prairie vole, and desert cottontail rabbit. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
2 Texas farmworkers found to have previously undetected H5N1 United States of America08/02/24

Evidence of previously undetected H5N1 infections among dairy workers means that other cases likely occurred/are occurring. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Evidence of previously undetected H5N1 infections among dairy workers means that other cases likely occurred/are occurring. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Researchers reported that 2 Texas farmworkers had H5N1 antibodies, indicating that they had previously been infected with H5N1. Testing was done as part of a surveillance project on 2 Texas farms that had previously responded to an H5N1 outbreak among their cattle herds. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Michigan detects H5N1 in a dairy cow herd in Van Buren CountyMichigan, Van Buren County08/02/24

Michigan has reported avian flu outbreaks among dairy herds and poultry farms. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms. ...SEE MORE

Michigan has reported avian flu outbreaks among dairy herds and poultry farms. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

Michigan reported that H5N1 has been detected in another of their dairy herds, this one in a farm in Van Buren County. This is the 27th H5N1-infected herd in Michigan. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
CDC investing 5 million USD to offer free seasonal flu vaccine to farm workers to reduce risk of H5N1 and seasonal flu co-infectionUnited States of America07/31/24

Informational update only....SEE MORE

Informational update only.

CDC announced it will offer free seasonal flu vaccine to farm workers this fall. Dairy and poultry workers are at increased risk for H5N1 avian flu infection. Seasonal flu vaccine helps prevent seasonal flu infection but does not protect against H5N1 infection. Co-infection increases the risk of H5N1 mutating and becoming more transmissible to humans. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
WHO initiates program to develop mRNA vaccine against H5N1 for low- and middle-income countriesSwitzerland, Canton de Geneve07/30/24

Informational update only. ...SEE MORE

Informational update only.

WHO announced initiation of a program for pre-clinical H5N1 mRNA vaccine development. WHO will partner with Argentinian vaccine manufacturer Sinergium Biotech through the Technology Transfer Programme which aims to strengthen mRNA vaccine manufacturing capability in low- and middle-income countries. Findings will be shared with other manufacturing partners after pre-clinical development is complete. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Minnesota bans birthing cows from Minnesota State Fair due to avian flu concernsUnited States of America, Minnesota07/29/24

Informational purposes only. Banning lactating cows from the State Fair reflects the ongoing concern about avian flu transmission between cows and humans. ...SEE MORE

Informational purposes only. Banning lactating cows from the State Fair reflects the ongoing concern about avian flu transmission between cows and humans.

Minnesota reported banning birthing cows and newborn calves from the 2024 Minnesota State Fair due to concerns about avian flu spreading. Dairy cow-calf pairs can participate as long as the mother is not lactating. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Colorado reports 3 new human cases of H5N1 in poultry workers, totaling 10 cases in poultry workers this yearColorado, Weld County07/26/24

Human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry farm workers exposed to infected birds are not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry farm workers exposed to infected birds are not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Colorado reported 3 new human cases of H5N1 in poultry farm workers, totaling 10 human cases of H5N1 in Colorado this year. All 3 new cases had mild disease and worked at the same poultry farm in Weld County. This is the 2nd poultry farm in Weld County that has identified human cases of H5N1 (see PHC alerts 7/15 and 7/22 for info on previous cases). [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Colorado implements mandatory avian flu testing of all commercial dairy cow bulk-tanksUnited States of America, Colorado07/24/24

Colorado has reported avian flu outbreaks among dairy herds, poultry farms, and human cases who work with infected animals. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms. ...SEE MORE

Colorado has reported avian flu outbreaks among dairy herds, poultry farms, and human cases who work with infected animals. Increased surveillance for avian flu is likely to identify additional infected herds and farms.

The Colorado Department of Agriculture is mandating highly pathogenic avian flu (HPAI) testing of all commercial dairy cow bulk-tanks. Colorado has reported 2 spillover events in July involving an HPAI strain in dairy cows being detected in commercial poultry farms. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Colorado reports new human case of H5N1 in a poultry worker and confirms previously suspected case, totaling 6 cases in poultry workers this yearUnited States of America, Colorado07/22/24

Human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry farm workers exposed to infected birds is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry farm workers exposed to infected birds is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Colorado reported a new human case of H5N1 in a poultry farm worker and confirmed a previously suspected case (see PHC alert 7/15 for info). So far, 10 human cases of H5 avian flu have been identified in the US, 4 exposed to sick cows and 6 to sick poultry. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Colorado officials report 5 more dairy herds infected with H5N1United States of America, Colorado07/19/24

Colorado has had H5N1 outbreaks in both dairy herds and poultry farms. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Colorado has had H5N1 outbreaks in both dairy herds and poultry farms. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Colorado officials reported 5 more dairy herds infected with H5N1, totaling 116 infected herds across 13 states so far. No new human cases have been identified. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Oklahoma is 13th state to identify H5N1 in dairy cowsUnited States of America, Oklahoma07/15/24

April milk samples from a farm in Oklahoma were recently submitted for testing when the business sought reimbursement for lost milk production. These cows are the first known H5N1 cases in Oklahoma. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on 4/26. ...SEE MORE

April milk samples from a farm in Oklahoma were recently submitted for testing when the business sought reimbursement for lost milk production. These cows are the first known H5N1 cases in Oklahoma. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on 4/26.

Oklahoma reported detection of H5N1 in a dairy herd, making it the 13th state to have H5N1-infected dairy cows. The samples were collected in April 2024, but not sent for testing until July. The delay underscores the significant gaps in H5N1 surveillance. Oklahoma has not reported any H5N1-infected birds in the state in 2024. No human cases have been identified with this new outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
3 more feral barn cats test positive for H5N1 avian fluMinnesota, Sibley County07/11/24

Michigan and Minnesota have had H5N1 outbreaks in dairy herds and birds, so infected domestic cats in the affected areas are not unexpected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis from April 26. ...SEE MORE

Michigan and Minnesota have had H5N1 outbreaks in dairy herds and birds, so infected domestic cats in the affected areas are not unexpected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis from April 26.

3 cats tested positive for H5N1 avian influenza, 2 from Minnesota and 1 from Michigan. The 2 infected cats from Minnesota live on a dairy farm that has reported H5N1 in their herd. The cat from Michigan lives in the same county that has reported H5N1 in dairy herds. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Benton County, Minnesota reports another dairy herd infected with H5N1 avian flu, totaling 9 infected herds in the state this yearMinnesota, Benton County07/11/24

Benton County, Minnesota has had H5N1 outbreaks in dairy herds and birds, so this newest dairy herd outbreak is not unexpected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis from April 26. ...SEE MORE

Benton County, Minnesota has had H5N1 outbreaks in dairy herds and birds, so this newest dairy herd outbreak is not unexpected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis from April 26.

Benton County, Minnesota reported a dairy herd infected with H5N1 avian flu, totaling 9 infected herds in the state this year. This is the 4th infected herd in Benton County. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Gratiot County reports new H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in a dairy herd, first in a Michigan herd since June 7Michigan, Gratiot County07/10/24

Gratiot County has had H5N1 outbreaks in both dairy herds and poultry farms, so this newest dairy herd outbreak is not unexpected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Gratiot County has had H5N1 outbreaks in both dairy herds and poultry farms, so this newest dairy herd outbreak is not unexpected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Gratiot County, Michigan reported a new H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in a dairy herd, the first dairy herd outbreak in the state since June 7 and the 26th Michigan herd affected. No human cases have been identified with this new outbreak. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Colorado declares emergency after H5N1 avian influenza outbreak prompts 2nd largest cull in state historyColorado, Weld County07/10/24

Businesses with eggs sourced from Colorado should assess their supply chains. H5N1 in poultry presents low risk to humans....SEE MORE

Businesses with eggs sourced from Colorado should assess their supply chains. H5N1 in poultry presents low risk to humans.

Colorado declared a state emergency after identifying an H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in a large commercial poultry farm in Weld County. About 1.8 million chickens will be culled, the 2nd largest in the state's history. Poultry quarantine and movement ban have been implemented. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
14% of raw milk samples found to contain infectious avian fluUnited States of America07/05/24

This newest study provides further evidence that drinking raw milk may pose an infection risk. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. ...SEE MORE

This newest study provides further evidence that drinking raw milk may pose an infection risk. Pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume.

The FDA reported results from a study indicating that 14% of raw milk samples tested were found to contain infectious H5N1 avian flu. The study involved testing raw milk from 4 states with dairy herds infected with H5N1 avian flu. This is the same study described in PHC alert on 7/1. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Fourth human case of avian flu tied to the US dairy industry identified, first case in ColoradoUnited States of America, Colorado07/05/24

Another human case of highly pathogenic avian influenza in a dairy worker exposed to infected cows is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Another human case of highly pathogenic avian influenza in a dairy worker exposed to infected cows is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

A 4th human case of avian flu tied to the US dairy industry has been identified, the first case in Colorado. The case works at a dairy farm with cows who have tested positive for H5N1. Preliminary testing indicates the case's strain is H5 and is likely to be H5N1 given exposure to infected cows, but full genetic testing is pending. The case only has eye symptoms. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
FDA reports study findings confirming that pasteurization kills H5N1 avian flu in milk and milk productsUnited States of America07/01/24

This newest study provides further evidence that pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume. ...SEE MORE

This newest study provides further evidence that pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making pasteurized milk and milk products safe to consume.

The FDA reported results from a study confirming that pasteurization kills H5N1 avian flu in milk and milk products. The study involved inoculating homogenized raw milk with higher levels of H5N1 virus than those found in samples of contaminated raw milk, pasteurizing it using typical pasteurization time and temperature requirements, and then checking for live virus. Results indicate that pasteurization inactivated the virus. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Eleven cattle farms now positive for HPAI in IowaUnited States of America, Iowa06/24/24

Businesses should expect the detection of avian influenza to continue. At this point, widespread disruption to the milk supply is not anticipated....SEE MORE

Businesses should expect the detection of avian influenza to continue. At this point, widespread disruption to the milk supply is not anticipated.

An eleventh dairy herd in Iowa has reported positive HPAI detection. Iowa is considering adopting testing requirements similar to those implemented in Wisconsin for animals brought to agricultural fairs to reduce the risk of cow-to-human transmission. See PHC Alert from 6/17 for related information. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
4th dairy herd in Sioux County tests positive for Avian InfluenzaUnited States of America, Iowa06/17/23

Businesses should expect the detection of avian influenza to continue. At this point, widespread disruption to the milk supply is not anticipated....SEE MORE

Businesses should expect the detection of avian influenza to continue. At this point, widespread disruption to the milk supply is not anticipated.

A fourth dairy herd in Sioux County, Iowa tested positive for avian influenza, bringing the total number of herds in Iowa impacted to six. Iowa is considering adopting testing requirements similar to those implemented in Wisconsin for animals brought to agricultural fairs to reduce the risk of cow-to-human transmission. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
36 more house mice in Roosevelt County, New Mexico test positive for H5N1New Mexico, Roosevelt County06/11/24

Informational update only....SEE MORE

Informational update only.

USDA APHIS reported that 36 more house mice in Roosevelt County, New Mexico have tested positive for H5N1 avian influenza, totaling 47 so far. The mice were found at a poultry farm in New Mexico that also had a red fox that tested positive for H5N1. See PHC alert 6/5 for more info. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Avian influenza detected in wastewater sample in greater Houston, Texas region, but no human cases Texas, Harris County06/11/24

Informational update. Dairy cattle in the state have tested positive for the disease, and infected cattle or birds are the most likely source of the wastewater detection. Despite the flurry of recent media reports, there is no evidence that these outbreaks pose a substantial threat to humans. ...SEE MORE

Informational update. Dairy cattle in the state have tested positive for the disease, and infected cattle or birds are the most likely source of the wastewater detection. Despite the flurry of recent media reports, there is no evidence that these outbreaks pose a substantial threat to humans.

Harris County, Texas reported detection of H5N1 avian influenza in wastewater samples. H5N1 was detected in 3 Texas dairy herds earlier this month. No human cases have been reported in the greater Houston area. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 strain involved in Texas dairy outbreak found to cause severe disease in ferretsUnited States of America06/10/24

Informational update only. This story highlights the flexibility of avian influenza in expanding its host range among mammals, and the ongoing risk this disease poses to human populations. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Informational update only. This story highlights the flexibility of avian influenza in expanding its host range among mammals, and the ongoing risk this disease poses to human populations. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

The H5N1 avian influenza strain involved in the human case in Texas was found to cause severe disease in ferrets. Ferrets are often used as a surrogate for human disease. Unlike seasonal flu, H5N1 was transmitted between ferrets via direct contact but not through respiratory droplets. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Wyoming 12th state to detect highly pathogenic avian influenza in dairy herdUnited States of America, Wyoming06/10/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza has been confirmed in a Wyoming dairy herd, Wyoming's first detection. It is the 12th state to detect H5N1 in dairy cattle. The exact location of the affected herd has not been released. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Traces of H5N1 detected in Austin-Travis County, Texas wastewater sampleTexas, Austin County06/07/24

Informational update. Dairy cattle in the state have tested positive for the disease, and infected cattle or birds are the most likely source of the wastewater detection. Despite the flurry of recent media reports, there is no evidence that these outbreaks pose a substantial threat to humans. ...SEE MORE

Informational update. Dairy cattle in the state have tested positive for the disease, and infected cattle or birds are the most likely source of the wastewater detection. Despite the flurry of recent media reports, there is no evidence that these outbreaks pose a substantial threat to humans.

Austin-Travis County, Texas reported detection of traces of H5N1 in wastewater samples. H5N1 was detected in 3 Texas dairy herds earlier this month. No human cases have been reported in Austin. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Minnesota 11th state to identify highly pathogenic avian influenza in dairy herdUnited States of America, Minnesota06/06/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

H5N1 has been confirmed in a Benton County dairy herd, Minnesota's first detection. It is the 11th state to detect H5N1 in dairy cattle. Stearns County reported H5N1 outbreaks in turkeys earlier this week.

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advisory
Iowa 10th state to identify highly pathogenic avian influenza in dairy herdIowa, O'Brien County06/06/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected, especially given the recent H5N1 outbreak in a poultry farm in a neighboring county. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in another dairy herd is not unexpected, especially given the recent H5N1 outbreak in a poultry farm in a neighboring county. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza was identified in a new dairy herd in O'Brien County, Iowa, making Iowa the 10th state to reported infected livestock. Iowa is the 10th-leading milk-producing state. Neighboring Sioux County, IA recently reported an H5N1 outbreak among poultry. No new US human H5N1 cases have been identified since the last case on May 30. See PHC alerts 4/1, 5/22, and 5/30 for more info. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Wild mice found to be infected with avian influenza H5N1 New Mexico, Roosevelt County06/05/24

USDA APHIS added house mice to the list of mammals infected with H5N1. Media reports indicate the mice were at a dairy farm that has had infected cattle. ...SEE MORE

USDA APHIS added house mice to the list of mammals infected with H5N1. Media reports indicate the mice were at a dairy farm that has had infected cattle.

USDA APHIS reported that 11 wild house mice in Roosevelt County, New Mexico have tested positive for H5N1 avian influenza. The mice may have become infected after drinking raw milk from infected dairy cattle. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Enrollment now open for USDA's voluntary H5N1 Dairy Herd Status Pilot ProgramUnited States of America06/04/24

Informational update only....SEE MORE

Informational update only.

The USDA has begun enrolling farms in its Voluntary H5N1 Dairy Herd Status Pilot Program, which aims to increase testing options and improve H5N1 surveillance. Farms participating in the program can test milk pooled from multiple animals instead of testing animals individually. Further, farms can be declared disease-free and allowed to resume animal transport if they test negative for three consecutive weeks. This program aims to ease the testing burden placed on farms by the April 24, 2024 federal testing order while still maintaining a high level of surveillance. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Forsyth County, NC wastewater samples come back positive for H5N1; milk and animal byproducts most likely sourceUnited States of America, North Carolina06/04/24

Informational update. Other dairy cattle in the state have tested positive for the disease and infected cattle remain the most likely source of these wastewater detections. Despite the flurry of recent media reports, there is no evidence that these outbreaks pose a substantial threat to human or cattle populations. ...SEE MORE

Informational update. Other dairy cattle in the state have tested positive for the disease and infected cattle remain the most likely source of these wastewater detections. Despite the flurry of recent media reports, there is no evidence that these outbreaks pose a substantial threat to human or cattle populations.

Wastewater surveillance has identified H5N1 in North Carolina area where no previous outbreak had been detected. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Two chickens test positive for bird flu in San Francisco; traces of H5 influenza detected in wastewater samplesCalifornia, San Francisco County06/04/24

Informational update. Articles in previous weeks had presented the question of whether spikes in influenza A activity in San Francisco wastewater may result from undetected avian influenza spread. This most recent announcement confirms that the disease is present in the state but further confirms that it constitutes a small portion of the influenza A genetic material in local wastewater samples and is absent in the most recent testing. ...SEE MORE

Informational update. Articles in previous weeks had presented the question of whether spikes in influenza A activity in San Francisco wastewater may result from undetected avian influenza spread. This most recent announcement confirms that the disease is present in the state but further confirms that it constitutes a small portion of the influenza A genetic material in local wastewater samples and is absent in the most recent testing.

The San Francisco Department of Health has announced that two chickens at a wild bird market sampled at least 10 days ago have tested positive for H5N1. Testing of San Francisco wastewater at around the same time showed traces of H5N1, though follow-up testing failed to confirm the presence of the virus. The infected birds were asymptomatic and no additional cases of H5N1 in birds or humans have been reported. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Stanford and Emory Universities launch H5 wastewater monitoring dashboard, highlighting several detections nationwide over the past monthUnited States of America06/04/24

Informational update. These data reinforce that avian influenza genetic material is detectable within wastewater systems, though most detections are in areas of known activity. Despite the flurry of recent media reports, there is no evidence that these outbreaks pose a substantial threat to human or cattle populations. ...SEE MORE

Informational update. These data reinforce that avian influenza genetic material is detectable within wastewater systems, though most detections are in areas of known activity. Despite the flurry of recent media reports, there is no evidence that these outbreaks pose a substantial threat to human or cattle populations.

WastewaterScan, a wastewater monitoring partnership between Stanford and Emory Universities, has launched its H5 avian influenza monitoring system. Over the month of May, several wastewater samples from Michigan, Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, and Idaho tested positive for H5 influenza. Since the peak of detections in mid-May, the level of activity has steadily declined. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Third human case of H5N1 tied to US dairy outbreak, first to have respiratory symptomsUnited States of America, Michigan05/30/24

The detection of a third positive farm worker is not unexpected, but the presence of respiratory symptoms in this person combined with the mutation noted in last week's case in Michigan changes the overall picture. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected with this outbreak, but these developments reflect some of the necessary changes for the virus to acquire this ability. Contacts of the cases are being monitored. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of a third positive farm worker is not unexpected, but the presence of respiratory symptoms in this person combined with the mutation noted in last week's case in Michigan changes the overall picture. No human-to-human spread of H5N1 has been detected with this outbreak, but these developments reflect some of the necessary changes for the virus to acquire this ability. Contacts of the cases are being monitored. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

A 3rd human case of avian influenza H5N1 tied to the US dairy industry has been identified, the first person in this outbreak to have respiratory symptoms. The new case is a dairy farm worker in Michigan with no ties to the previous 2 cases. See PHC alerts 4/1 and 5/22 for more info. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Highly pathogenic avian influenza detected in poultry flock in Iowa, first in 2024Iowa, Sioux County05/30/24

Businesses with eggs sourced from Iowa should assess their supply chains and expect price fluctuations in response to production shortfall....SEE MORE

Businesses with eggs sourced from Iowa should assess their supply chains and expect price fluctuations in response to production shortfall.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was detected in a commercial poultry flock in Sioux County, Iowa, the first in Iowa in 2024. HPAI was last detected in Iowa in fall 2023. Over 4 million chickens in the affected flock will be culled. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 identified in 3 Idaho alpacaUnited States of America, Idaho05/28/24

Enterprise businesses are not directly affected, but detection of H5N1 in alpacas illustrates that the disease is spreading to new animal groups and to more areas. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

Enterprise businesses are not directly affected, but detection of H5N1 in alpacas illustrates that the disease is spreading to new animal groups and to more areas. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Alpaca have not previously tested positive for H5N1, but given the many other mammals that have been infected, this finding is not completely unexpected. The strain in the alpaca was the same as in poultry that had been culled on the premises; it is also the same as the strain found in US dairy cattle. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 detected in muscle tissue in one cow diverted from food chainUnited States of America05/24/24

Prior studies have found H5N1 is inactivated when proper food safety cooking recommendations are followed. Businesses should continue to follow food safety protocols when handling and cooking beef. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak....SEE MORE

Prior studies have found H5N1 is inactivated when proper food safety cooking recommendations are followed. Businesses should continue to follow food safety protocols when handling and cooking beef. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak.

Diverted cows are not allowed to enter the food chain. To date, one cow of the 96 cows tested has been positive for H5N1. No meat from these dairy cattle entered the food supply. [Confidence: Very High]

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watch
Study finds H5N1 positive raw milk sickens mice, poses risk to humansUnited States of America05/24/24

Businesses should not stock raw milk to avoid liability due to numerous diseases that can be transmitted in unpasteurized milk....SEE MORE

Businesses should not stock raw milk to avoid liability due to numerous diseases that can be transmitted in unpasteurized milk.

A laboratory study found mice that consumed raw milk positive for H5N1 contained high virus titers, indicating infection. Prior studies have confirmed that pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus, making it safe to drink. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 detected in 7 new US dairy herds this week in Michigan, Idaho, and TexasUnited States of America, Michigan05/24/24

The detection of H5N1 in additional dairy herds is not unexpected and does not indicate an immediate change in overall risk. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of H5N1 in additional dairy herds is not unexpected and does not indicate an immediate change in overall risk. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

H5N1 was detected in 7 new US dairy herds this week in Michigan (4 herds), Idaho (1), and Texas (1). See PHC alerts 4/1, 4/29, and 5/21 for more info. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Michigan's first human case of influenza A (H5) detected in a farm workerUnited States of America, Michigan05/22/24

The detection of a second positive farm worker is not unexpected and does not indicate an immediate change in overall risk. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26. ...SEE MORE

The detection of a second positive farm worker is not unexpected and does not indicate an immediate change in overall risk. Businesses should continue to follow the recommendations provided in the PHC analysis on April 26.

Michigan reported its first human case of H5N1 avian influenza in a farmworker who worked with livestock infected with H5N1. This is the first human case of H5N1 since March 29. See PHC alerts 4/1 and 4/29 for more info. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Australia reports a human case of H5N1, the first time H5N1 has been identified in a person or animal in AustraliaAustralia, Victoria05/22/24

Human cases of H5N1 are rare; the risk of an outbreak is extremely low. Employees in or traveling to countries where human H5N1 cases have been identified, such as Vietnam or India, should avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry....SEE MORE

Human cases of H5N1 are rare; the risk of an outbreak is extremely low. Employees in or traveling to countries where human H5N1 cases have been identified, such as Vietnam or India, should avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry.

Australia reported a human case of H5N1, the first time H5N1 has been identified in a person or animal in Australia. The case is a child with a history of travel to India. Close contacts were monitored, but have not tested positive. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Three more Michigan dairy herds test positive for H5N1United States of America, Michigan05/21/24

Informational update only....SEE MORE

Informational update only.

Michigan reported that 3 more dairy herds have tested positive for H5N1, affected counties include Clinton, Gratiot, and Ionia. 18 dairy herds in MI have now had positive tests among their cows. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
USDA study finds H5N1 can be inactivated by fully cooking beef United States of America05/17/24

H5N1 in eggs and poultry is killed by cooking; a new study results find the same for cooked beef. USDA recommends cooking beef to 160 degrees (well done). See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak....SEE MORE

H5N1 in eggs and poultry is killed by cooking; a new study results find the same for cooked beef. USDA recommends cooking beef to 160 degrees (well done). See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak.

A USDA study found that fully cooking beef inactivates the H5N1 virus, making it safe to eat. The study involved inoculating beef patties with an H5N1 virus surrogate, cooking it to different temperatures, and then checking for live virus. Results indicate that cooking the beef to medium or well done fully inactivated the virus. The study was conducted after H5N1 was found to infect dairy cows; there were concerns about beef cows becoming infected or posing a risk to the commercial beef supply. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Michigan’s largest commercial egg producer lays off 40% of its workers amidst H5N1 outbreakMichigan, Ionia County05/17/24

Businesses with eggs sourced from Michigan should assess their supply chains and expect price fluctuations in response to production shortfall....SEE MORE

Businesses with eggs sourced from Michigan should assess their supply chains and expect price fluctuations in response to production shortfall.

Herbruck’s Poultry Ranch, Michigan's largest commercial egg producer, reported laying off 400 workers across 5 facilities. Due to H5N1, many commercial bird flocks are being culled--reducing the need for labor--and facilities decontaminated to prevent the spreading of H5N1, the first time this has been done in MI. Avian flu has affected the poultry industry since 2022, but this is the first time the commercial egg industry has been affected. Herbruck’s reported that they intend for the layoffs to be temporary. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
USDA detects H5N1 in 3 new dairy herds in Michigan and IdahoUnited States of America, Michigan05/16/24

Informational update only....SEE MORE

Informational update only.

The USDA reported that H5N1 has been detected in 3 new dairy herds, 2 in Michigan and 1 in Idaho. 9 states have detected H5N1 in dairy herds, with Michigan having the most outbreaks (14). [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 detected in 6 wild birds in New York CityUnited States of America, New York05/16/24

Detecting H5N1 in urban wild birds in NYC is not surprising since migratory birds interact with urban bird populations, but this has not been well documented. The current risk of human disease is low, but individuals should not interact with wild birds. ...SEE MORE

Detecting H5N1 in urban wild birds in NYC is not surprising since migratory birds interact with urban bird populations, but this has not been well documented. The current risk of human disease is low, but individuals should not interact with wild birds.

Researchers reported that 6 of 1,792 samples collected from wild birds in New York City tested positive for H5N1. The positive samples were found in a red tail hawk, Canadian geese, a Peregrine falcon, and a chicken. The H5N1 strains were a mix of Eurasian and North American avian flu viruses. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) identified in sewage samples of 9 Texas cities United States of America, Texas05/15/24

Informational update only....SEE MORE

Informational update only.

19 of 23 sewage samples collected in 9 Texas cities tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Samples were collected from 10 cities over two months, with 9 cities having at least one positive sample. Tests cannot identify the virus source as coming from animals, humans, or milk. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Canada's commercial milk supply samples all tested negative for H5N1 Canada05/15/24

These test results indicate that H5N1 has not entered the Canadian dairy cattle population....SEE MORE

These test results indicate that H5N1 has not entered the Canadian dairy cattle population.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency reported that tests conducted on 142 samples of their commercial milk supply have all tested negative for H5N1. Tests conducted on Canadian dairy cows have also been negative. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Raw milk sales rise amidst H5N1 misinformationUnited States of America05/14/24

Raw milk sales are rising due to misinformation on H5N1. Businesses should not stock raw milk to avoid liability due to numerous diseases that can be transmitted in unpasteurized milk....SEE MORE

Raw milk sales are rising due to misinformation on H5N1. Businesses should not stock raw milk to avoid liability due to numerous diseases that can be transmitted in unpasteurized milk.

Market research reports weekly sales of raw cow’s milk have increased 21% to 65% compared with the same period a year ago. Some social media influencers are promoting raw milk and making false statements about its safety and health benefits. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Michigan's "Extraordinary Emergency" H5N1 mitigation strategies go into effect todayUnited States of America, Michigan05/08/24

Businesses operating in Michigan should be aware of the new biosecurity protocols and have a plan for implementing them when applicable....SEE MORE

Businesses operating in Michigan should be aware of the new biosecurity protocols and have a plan for implementing them when applicable.

Michigan's biosecurity mitigation strategies aimed at preventing spread of H5N1 among cattle and poultry go into effect today. These practices must be implemented at all dairy farms and commercial poultry operations in Michigan until further notice. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
USDA's tests on beef products found no H5N1 influenza United States of America05/02/24

These test results confirm that the commercial beef supply does not contain H5N1 virus. Businesses should continue to follow food safety protocols when handling and cooking beef. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak....SEE MORE

These test results confirm that the commercial beef supply does not contain H5N1 virus. Businesses should continue to follow food safety protocols when handling and cooking beef. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak.

Tests conducted on beef products by the USDA found no H5N1 avian influenza. The tests were conducted on ground beef sold in grocery stores in areas where dairy cows have tested positive for H5N1. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Lack of early surveillance may have missed other human H5N1 cases, but person-to-person risk remains lowUnited States of America05/02/24

Despite widespread media coverage, no new information has emerged. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for earlier assessment. Increased surveillance is likely to identify more human H5N1 cases among dairy workers, but the risk of human-to-human spread still remains low. ...SEE MORE

Despite widespread media coverage, no new information has emerged. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for earlier assessment. Increased surveillance is likely to identify more human H5N1 cases among dairy workers, but the risk of human-to-human spread still remains low.

The first human case of H5N1 tied to cow-to-human interaction was identified on March 29, soon after H5N1 was found to have infected dairy cows in multiple states. Since then, surveillance of poultry, cows, dairy products, and humans has increased. Investigation has found that multiple dairy workers had illnesses that may have been H5N1 around the time that dairy cows were testing positive, but before human surveillance activities had begun. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
On one farm, over half of the cats who drank raw milk from cows infected with H5N1 diedUnited States of America, Texas05/01/24

Informational update only. Businesses may want to remind their employees to avoid consuming raw milk or feeding it to their pets as it may contain harmful pathogens....SEE MORE

Informational update only. Businesses may want to remind their employees to avoid consuming raw milk or feeding it to their pets as it may contain harmful pathogens.

Over half of the domestic cats on a Texas dairy farm who drank raw milk from cows infected with H5N1 died. The cats became sick one day after symptoms were noted in the cows (March 16/17). Several cats died between March 19–20. Two cats who died were tested for H5N1; both were positive. Cats are known to be susceptible to severe illness from H5N1. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
FDA reports that pasteurization inactivated H5N1 in cottage cheese, milk, and sour creamUnited States of America05/02/24

These test results confirm that the commercial milk supply is safe. ...SEE MORE

These test results confirm that the commercial milk supply is safe.

Today, the FDA released the anticipated results from the egg inoculation studies that confirmed pasteurization inactivates H5N1 in dairy products. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Travel advisory to Cambodia raised following 4 human cases and 1 death from H5N1 avian influenza Cambodia02/21/24

Taiwan's elevation of the travel advisory around H5N1 in Cambodia does not require businesses operating in Taiwan to make any changes, but employees on work travel to Cambodia may have additional questions. As previously noted, employees should avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry. ...SEE MORE

Taiwan's elevation of the travel advisory around H5N1 in Cambodia does not require businesses operating in Taiwan to make any changes, but employees on work travel to Cambodia may have additional questions. As previously noted, employees should avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry.

Cambodia has reported 4 human cases and 1 death related to H5N1 avian influenza A since mid-Jan 2024. All cases had contact with infected poultry. The Ministry of Health & Welfare issued a travel advisory to Cambodia, cautioning against interacting with poultry when visiting the area. H5N1 influenza is typically spread between birds (both domestic and wild) and can occasionally spread from birds to humans, but human-to-human transmission is extremely rare. Viral mutations could increase the potential for human-to-human transmission. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Ohio dairy cattle test positive for H5N1 avian influenzaUnited States of America, Ohio04/04/24

Informational update only. Businesses may want to remind their employees to avoid consuming raw milk as it may contain harmful pathogens....SEE MORE

Informational update only. Businesses may want to remind their employees to avoid consuming raw milk as it may contain harmful pathogens.

Ohio reported that highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (HPAI) was detected in a herd of dairy cattle, the first in this state. The infected cows were from Texas, a state which recently reported HPAI in some livestock, raw milk, and one farmer. The type of H5N1 identified in the cattle is the same that has been causing mass die-offs of birds around the world; it is different from the H5N1 that has caused human fatalities in the past. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Cal-Maine Foods temporarily halts egg production after detection of H5N1 avian influenza in Texas flockUnited States of America04/05/24

Information update only. Standard industry practice is to cull all birds when Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza is identified in a commercial flock. The risk of human disease remains low, but avian flu outbreaks in poultry can have a financial impact on businesses in the food industry and can also increase the price of consumer eggs and chicken. ...SEE MORE

Information update only. Standard industry practice is to cull all birds when Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza is identified in a commercial flock. The risk of human disease remains low, but avian flu outbreaks in poultry can have a financial impact on businesses in the food industry and can also increase the price of consumer eggs and chicken.

Cal-Maine Foods reported detection of H5N1 avian influenza in a Texas flock, necessitating a temporary halting of egg production. The culled birds represent 3.6% of the company's birds. Eggs that are handled and cooked appropriately are safe to eat. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Texas poultry flock tests positive for H5N1 avian influenzaUnited States of America, Texas04/02/24

Informational update included due to recent H5N1 cases in cattle and a human in Texas. The risk of human disease remains low, but avian flu outbreaks in poultry can have a financial impact on businesses in the food industry and can also increase the price of consumer chicken. ...SEE MORE

Informational update included due to recent H5N1 cases in cattle and a human in Texas. The risk of human disease remains low, but avian flu outbreaks in poultry can have a financial impact on businesses in the food industry and can also increase the price of consumer chicken.

Texas reported avian influenza H5N1 in a commercial poultry flock in a facility owned by the largest US egg producer. This comes just one day after H5N1 was identified in a farmer with exposure to infected cows. H5N1 influenza is typically spread between birds (both domestic and wild) and can occasionally spread from birds to other animals and humans, but human-to-human transmission is extremely rare. The type of H5N1 identified in the Texas poultry is the same that has been causing mass die-offs of birds around the world; it is different from the H5N1 that has caused human fatalities in the past. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
USDA to test beef products for H5N1 avian influenzaUnited States of America04/30/24

Informational update only. H5N1 has only been identified in dairy cows; beef cows are now being tested. Additionally, H5N1 has been proven to be killed by the cooking process with eggs and poultry; cooking beef is expected to be the same. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak....SEE MORE

Informational update only. H5N1 has only been identified in dairy cows; beef cows are now being tested. Additionally, H5N1 has been proven to be killed by the cooking process with eggs and poultry; cooking beef is expected to be the same. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak.

The USDA reported that they will conduct tests on beef to identify H5N1 avian influenza. 3 types of tests will be conducted: 1) sampling ground beef in grocery stores, 2) testing muscle tissue from sick cows culled from affected herds, and 3) testing cooked beef inoculated with a virus surrogate to see if it survives. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Florida identifies dolphin with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, first cetacean with H5N1 in North AmericaFlorida, Dixie County04/30/24

Informational update only. Enterprise businesses are not directly affected, but detection of H5N1 in dolphins in North America illustrates that the disease is spreading to new animal groups and to more areas. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak....SEE MORE

Informational update only. Enterprise businesses are not directly affected, but detection of H5N1 in dolphins in North America illustrates that the disease is spreading to new animal groups and to more areas. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak.

Dixie County, Florida reported identification of a dolphin infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, the first cetacean with H5N1 in North America. It is not known how the dolphin became infected. Researchers are investigating. Many other species of marine mammals have experienced H5N1-related die-offs. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Vietnam reports first human death from H5N1 avian influenza since 2022 Vietnam03/25/24

Businesses with employees in or traveling to Vietnam should advise them to avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry....SEE MORE

Businesses with employees in or traveling to Vietnam should advise them to avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry.

Vietnam has reported a human death from H5N1 avian influenza; this is only Vietnam's second case since 2014. The individual had a history of exposure to wild birds. H5N1 influenza is typically spread between birds (both domestic and wild) and can occasionally spread from birds to humans, but human-to-human transmission is extremely rare. Viral mutations could increase the potential for human-to-human transmission. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
USDA requirement of H5N1 testing of cows prior to interstate travel starts todayUnited States of America04/29/24

For awareness only. USDA's policy requiring a negative H5N1 test to transport lactating cows goes into effect today. This requirement may detect additional outbreaks outside those in the 9 known impacted states....SEE MORE

For awareness only. USDA's policy requiring a negative H5N1 test to transport lactating cows goes into effect today. This requirement may detect additional outbreaks outside those in the 9 known impacted states.

The USDA now requires H5N1 testing of all lactating cows being transported across states. All lactating cows must be tested prior to travel, up to 30 cows per herd being transported. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
H5N1 detected in cows in Colorado, the 9th state with confirmed H5N1United States of America, Colorado04/29/24

Informational update only. Enterprise businesses outside the dairy supply chain are not directly affected, but detection in a 9th state demonstrates that the outbreak might be more widespread than is currently known. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak....SEE MORE

Informational update only. Enterprise businesses outside the dairy supply chain are not directly affected, but detection in a 9th state demonstrates that the outbreak might be more widespread than is currently known. See PHC analysis on 4/26 for more information and guidance on this outbreak.

The USDA announced that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has been detected in dairy cows in Colorado, making it the 9th state to identify H5N1 in cows. No additional human H5N1 cases have been identified since the dairy farmer earlier this year; however, H5N1 is not included on standard respiratory panels. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
First human death from H5N1 avian influenza in Cambodia, 2024Cambodia, Kratie02/12/24

Businesses in Cambodia should inform their employees to avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry. ...SEE MORE

Businesses in Cambodia should inform their employees to avoid live-animal markets and not have contact with or consume diseased poultry.

A 9 year boy died of H5N1 avian influenza in Kratie province, Cambodia, the first death from avian influenza in Cambodia in 2024. Days later, his brother tested positive, but has been asymptomatic. The boys were exposed by infected poultry at their house; 5 chickens and 3 ducks had died and were cooked for food. Cambodia has been experiencing a resurgence of H5N1 human cases after a decade-long absence of cases. These brothers bring the number of human H5N1 cases in Cambodia in 2024 to four. Risk to the general population from H5N1 remains low, but sporadic cases will likely continue. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Texas reports a case of human avian influenza H5N1; second case in the United States since 2022United States of America, Texas04/01/24

Informational update only. Businesses may want to remind their employees to avoid consuming raw milk as it may contain harmful pathogens....SEE MORE

Informational update only. Businesses may want to remind their employees to avoid consuming raw milk as it may contain harmful pathogens.

Texas reported a human case of avian influenza H5N1, the second case in the US since 2022. The case developed conjunctivitis after contact with dairy cows presumed to be infected with avian influenza. H5N1 influenza is typically spread between birds (both domestic and wild) and can occasionally spread from birds to other animals and humans, but human-to-human transmission is extremely rare. The type of H5N1 identified in the cattle is the same that has been causing mass die-offs of birds around the world; it is different from the H5N1 that has caused human fatalities in the past. [Confidence: Very High]

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advisory
Cambodia records second H5N1 case of 2024Cambodia01/29/24

This newly reported case of avian influenza (H5N1) in Cambodia does not require increased respiratory precautions for the general public. Individuals in close contact with poultry should use personal protective equipment....SEE MORE

This newly reported case of avian influenza (H5N1) in Cambodia does not require increased respiratory precautions for the general public. Individuals in close contact with poultry should use personal protective equipment.

A Cambodian man who kept backyard chickens has contracted H5N1 influenza. H5N1 influenza is typically spread between birds (both domestic and wild) and can occasionally spread from birds to humans, but human-to-human transmission is extremely rare. Viral mutations could increase the potential for human-to-human transmission.

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Analysis
H5N1 and Food Safety Update07/06/24

Highlights Several recent studies have provided additional evidence that standard food safety practices protect US consumers from H5N1 exposure. To reduce the risk of employees getting sick, PHC recommends businesses not offer raw milk in their food serv...SEE MORE

Highlights

Several recent studies have provided additional evidence that standard food safety practices protect US consumers from H5N1 exposure. To reduce the risk of employees getting sick, PHC recommends businesses not offer raw milk in their food services. Businesses may wish to communicate the protection that pasteurization provides, as a recent survey showed fewer than half of US adults know that raw milk is less safe than pasteurized milk.

Survey: Majority of Americans do not understand the risks of raw milk

According to the Annenberg Public Policy Center’s latest health survey, only 47% knew drinking raw milk is less safe than drinking pasteurized milk. Also, 24% of Americans did not know that pasteurization is effective at killing bacteria and viruses in milk products. The germs in raw milk can cause foodborne illness with symptoms like diarrhea, stomach cramping, and vomiting. These infections can cause severe disease, hospitalization, or death.

More evidence that food safety practices protect against H5N1

  1. FDA released a preprint of a study confirming that commonly used and FDA-approved continuous flow high temperature short time pasteurization process inactivates the H5N1 virus. Researchers collected bulk raw milk samples, tested these samples for H5N1, and then tested again after pasteurization. No infectious virus was present after pasteurization, providing evidence the milk supply is safe. Media reports have noted that 14% of the collected raw milk samples had infectious H5N1, but the study was not designed to assess prevalence of infectious H5N1 in raw milk.
  2. In a Journal of Virology research article, the authors collected 297 samples from 23 pasteurized dairy product types collected from 17 states. Of these samples, 20% had H5N1 viral segments detectable by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, but no infectious virus was detected in the samples. These results support earlier studies showing infectious virus is not present in pasteurized milk products.
  3. In a small study published in the Journal of Food Protection, the authors inoculated beef patties with a low pathogenic avian influenza as a proxy for the highly pathogenic H5N1 that has been circulating in US dairy cattle. Cooking the beef patties to the USDA FSIS recommended minimum internal temperature of 71.1°C reduced the presence of the virus to “below detection,” indicating recommended food safety practices significantly reduce risk of exposure to the virus.

References:

  1. https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/public-fails-to-appreciate-risk-of-consuming-raw-milk-survey-finds/
  2. https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/foods/raw-milk.html
  3. https://www.fda.gov/media/179708/download
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38958444/
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38964610/

Confidential and Proprietary

PHC Global provides this material for informational purposes only. It does not constitute, and is not a substitute for, medical services or advice and should not be construed as such.

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Analysis
New Wastewater Data Sheds Light on Scope of Avian Influenza Outbreak in CattleUnited States of AmericaCaliforniaMichigan06/07/24

On May 30, PHC published an analysis following articles in the Los Angeles Times (May 13) and the San Francisco Chronicle (May 28) that asked if high levels of influenza A in local wastewater systems were a sign of otherwise undetected avian influen...SEE MORE

On May 30, PHC published an analysis following articles in the Los Angeles Times (May 13) and the San Francisco Chronicle (May 28) that asked if high levels of influenza A in local wastewater systems were a sign of otherwise undetected avian influenza in people, livestock, or birds in those cities. Importantly, influenza A includes both seasonal influenza and H5N1 avian influenza. PHC concluded that avian influenza in California was extremely likely given its ubiquity among wild birds, but these cities’ distance from cattle herds and relatively low levels of influenza in wastewater made it extremely unlikely that avian influenza was driving the observed data. Instead, we believed local, human, seasonal influenza A activity drove the wastewater signal. Later data shown in a June 3 San Francisco Chronicle article confirmed this: only trace levels of avian influenza were detected in San Francisco wastewater in mid-May and could not be confirmed when the water was retested several days later. This article also highlighted the first detection of avian influenza in California this year - two chickens at a California live market.

Also on June 3, WastewaterSCAN, a joint monitoring system maintained by Stanford and Emory Universities, uploaded its first data on avian influenza detections across the United States during May. The California data was unremarkable, but the national data revealed compelling stories from several other areas across the United States. At the height of media attention during April-May, avian influenza was present at high concentrations in Iowa, Idaho, Minnesota, Michigan, and Texas. The limited number of sites covers a large geographical range and largely reflects areas with high cattle populations. The data indicate the likely extent of cattle infection, starting in January with the initial exposure event and propagating over the following months as infected animals moved around the country and spread the virus. These data are also consistent with a preprint research article posted in early May highlighting such movement based on genomic data.

The data from Texas and Michigan are particularly compelling, while data collected in Idaho and Iowa was sparse and less conclusive. Collection site data is summarized below.

Texas Data:

  • Sharp spikes were recorded at two wastewater testing sites in the Dallas metropolitan area.
  • Peak levels were observed on May 20, when avian influenza accounted for nearly half of all influenza A detected.
  • Throughout May, over 25% of influenza A at these sites was avian influenza, indicating early and ongoing virus shedding, likely from dairy cattle.

Michigan Data:

  • Spikes were observed at three wastewater sites across the state: Jackson, Warren, and Traverse City.
  • Peak levels were observed around May 23, when avian influenza accounted for 30-40% of all influenza A detected.
  • Levels declined after the peak but remained over 30% for the rest of May.

Minnesota Data:

  • Notable spikes were noted in St Cloud (20% of influenza A), Red Wing (40%), and Mankato (48%) between May 22 and 24.
  • The levels sharply declined after the initial spike.

What can we learn from this new data? First, the initial spikes in avian influenza detection, particularly in Texas, occurred before the substantial detections in dairy cows and milk which gained extensive media coverage in April and May. This timing once again highlights the importance of wastewater surveillance for tracking and responding to emerging infections. Second, and more concerning, the rapidity and range of these detections suggest a much broader distribution of avian influenza infection among cows over this period. Infections likely occurred across much of the country over a relatively short, 2-4 week period. While this outbreak in cattle has not posed a substantial threat to the general public or livestock, the rapid spread demonstrates how quickly a future pandemic could develop, and how difficult it would be to control.

The growing threat of avian influenza is real, especially as the disease becomes more entrenched in wild bird populations. The extensive interaction of infected wild birds with domestic animals, especially during migration, poses a substantial long-term threat to humans and livestock markets. The transit of livestock across the United States as part of the normal breeding, processing, and distribution cycle creates an easy way for disease to spread widely and quickly. It is essential for the United States to maintain a defensive posture against this emerging threat through intensive surveillance and comprehensive response plans to minimize the potential impact of future outbreaks. Businesses must maintain and regulaly update their pandemic and disruptive outbreak plans. See PHC's other recommendations in our April 26 analysis.

References:

  1. https://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/h5n1-avian-flu-san-francisco-19489217.php
  2. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2024-05-13/is-there-bird-flu-in-california-wastewater
  3. https://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/california-wastewater-h5n1-bird-flu-risk-19482460.php
  4. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591751v1.full.pdf
  5. https://data.wastewaterscan.org/

Confidential and Proprietary

PHC Global provides this material for informational purposes only. It does not constitute, and is not a substitute for, medical services or advice and should not be construed as such.

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Analysis
Implications of Michigan Dairy Workers Infected with Avian Flu05/31/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle is a rapidly evolving multi-state outbreak. In the past week, Michigan has detected two human cases of avian influenza. PHC breaks down the implications below. How do these two cases ...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle is a rapidly evolving multi-state outbreak. In the past week, Michigan has detected two human cases of avian influenza. PHC breaks down the implications below.

How do these two cases change the bigger picture?

For a novel influenza virus to cause a serious pandemic, the virus must be able to transmit between people and to cause severe disease. Last week’s Michigan case had a genetic change associated with greater virus replication and disease severity in mice. This week's case had respiratory symptoms, meaning the virus was behaving more like a typical flu infection. Seasonal flu viruses are transmitted between people by replicating in the respiratory system and then spreading when someone coughs or exhales virus particles that infect others. While no person-to-person transmission is suspected in these cases, the changes in the virus are consistent with the kinds of changes required for spread between people.

How does this change the risk landscape for businesses?

For non-dairy-related businesses, these developments add urgency to the actions PHC has previously recommended (see "H5N1 in Dairy Cattle: What You Need to Know" from 5/9)

  • Review your pandemic plan NOW, before there is an emergency.
  • Evaluate planning for flu vaccine clinics on site in the fall. Note that if an H5N1 vaccine must be produced, it will be separate from the already formulated seasonal flu vaccine.
  • Maintain or establish a work culture that supports employees’ decisions to wear masks.
  • Maintain or increase the budget for cleaning supplies and hand sanitizer to avoid unexpected costs.
  • Businesses that provide food services should plan for the price of milk and eggs to fluctuate when developing budgets.

Dairy-related businesses should evaluate their personal protective equipment practices for workers exposed to raw milk. While adoption of PPE provides the greatest worker protection, summer weather can make PPE challenging to utilize. If regular use is not achievable, businesses should minimally consider selective adoption of PPE when H5N1 is suspected due to symptoms in cattle, humans, cats, or other mammals.

Is Michigan a hot spot for H5N1?

Michigan’s strong active surveillance is likely producing better detection of H5N1 in both humans (2 cases) and dairy herds (22 of the 69 infected herds in the US) than in other US states.

Why is the latest case described as an H5 infection and not H5N1?

The tests for the neuraminidase (the N in the subtype) are pending genetic sequencing at CDC.

References:

  1. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/spotlights/2023-2024/h5n1-technical-update-may-24-2024.html
  2. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/p0530-h5-human-case-michigan.html
  3. https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/about/media/pressreleases/2024/05/01/mdard-director-signs-hpai-risk-reduction-response-order-for-hpai-outbreak-animal-health-emergency
  4. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

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Analysis
Elevated Influenza A Activity in California Wastewater - What Does it Mean?United States of AmericaCaliforniaTexas05/30/24

Key Points Based on PHC's internal analysis, the elevated influenza A concentrations in San Francisco Bay Area wastewater do not indicate any immediate threat of avian influenza infection in humans; the signal is likely driven by human seasonal influenza ...SEE MORE

Key Points

  • Based on PHC's internal analysis, the elevated influenza A concentrations in San Francisco Bay Area wastewater do not indicate any immediate threat of avian influenza infection in humans; the signal is likely driven by human seasonal influenza infection.
  • While we cannot rule out contamination from agricultural runoff or entirely exclude the contribution of avian influenza without sequencing data, influenza A levels in local wastewater are within reasonable margins given local seasonal flu activity.
  • Current and future infection of California cattle herds with avian influenza remains highly probable.

Background

Earlier in May, an article in the Los Angeles Times considered whether elevated influenza A activity in local wastewater was potentially due to otherwise undetected avian flu transmission. On Tuesday evening, a similar article ran in the San Francisco Chronicle, citing ongoing elevated levels of influenza A in Bay Area wastewater, speculated if avian influenza activity—particularly in local dairy cows—may be behind the increase.

Analysis

Consideration #1: This year's flu season has been marked by lingering case activity throughout the United States, with California continuing to report some of the highest influenza infection rates. Compared to the height of flu season, California's infection rates are substantially lower, as is the influenza A wastewater signal, which traditionally lags behind case and hospitalization data. Lastly, wastewater data is highly variable, and increases may be an artifact of the data.

Consideration #2: California's Central Valley is home to some of the country's most dense dairy cattle populations. The runoff from the farms housing these cattle follows the Bay Delta watershed and ultimately empties into the San Francisco Bay, raising the possibility that some of the influenza A signal we are observing in the San Francisco area may be due to runoff from these farms or the dumping of milk from infected cows. However, given the journey and amount of dilution that would occur between those farms and the sampling sites, a sizable H5N1 outbreak would need to occur to drive the observed trends in wastewater data, which PHC believes is unlikely.

Conclusion

It is unlikely that the elevated influenza A activity in the Bay Area wastewater indicates substantial human exposure to avian influenza. However, avian influenza in mammalian populations, including humans, is a serious and growing public health concern. Diligent surveillance activities and ongoing wastewater testing are essential to address this growing threat. PHC continues to track data and will provide clarity on the H5N1 threat.

References:

  1. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2024-05-13/is-there-bird-flu-in-california-wastewater
  2. https://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/california-wastewater-h5n1-bird-flu-risk-19482460.php
  3. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/usmap.htm

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Analysis
What Hong Kong's Poultry Import Ban Means for the USAustraliaChinaHong Kong05/29/24

Hong Kong’s ban on poultry imports from some countries does not reflect a change in the threat posed by food and is a reminder that these actions can be issued for both safety and political reasons. On Monday, the Centre for Food Safety in Hong Kong ann...SEE MORE

Hong Kong’s ban on poultry imports from some countries does not reflect a change in the threat posed by food and is a reminder that these actions can be issued for both safety and political reasons.

On Monday, the Centre for Food Safety in Hong Kong announced a ban on poultry meat and egg imports from several countries, including the US, citing the risk posed by H5N1 avian influenza. Within hours, Macau, another special administrative region of China, issued a similar announcement which, while not as direct as Hong Kong’s announcement, also implied an immediate ban on US poultry imports.

These bans follow the recent announcement of a human fatality from another strain of avian influenza in mainland China’s Fujian province, and occur during a period of heightened global attention to the ongoing threat of avian influenza in poultry, livestock, and humans, which has led to other import bans, including a US ban on poultry imports from areas of Australia announced last week.

There is historical precedent for these sorts of actions. In 2015, following a similar period of heightened global awareness of avian influenza, Hong Kong announced a comparable ban of US poultry products which was part of a broader Chinese ban of US poultry products. The restrictions lasted nearly 5 years, far exceeding the period of heightened bird flu activity used to justify the ban. Since then, China has issued numerous shorter bans on poultry imports during periods of US avian influenza outbreaks. While Chinese imports of US poultry products accounts for less than 1% of US to China export value, it does equate to over $1 billion annually for US farmers.

At present, this action is limited and may be temporary. However, based on the nature of US-China trade relations, the risk does still exist for these restrictions to escalate into a broader and more lasting ban. It is important to reiterate that, while long-term public health risk from avian influenza is real and growing, immediate risk from the food supply is small. When infected chickens are handled properly, the risk of avian influenza entering the food chain is negligible and there is no evidence to date that consumption of contaminated poultry products can lead to disease in humans.

Lastly, import bans are sometimes used for political reasons. In addition to protectionism, import bans can frame a disease as a foreign threat to the domestic audience. Given that Hong Kong’s 1997 H5N1 cases represent the first example of a purely avian virus causing respiratory disease and death in humans, the new ban is inconsistent with the known ecology of avian influenza viruses.

References:

  1. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202405/27/P2024052700473.htm?fontSize=1
  2. https://www.gov.mo/zh-hant/news/1066966/
  3. https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2024-05-25/united-states-of-america-bans-victorian-poultry-products/103893610
  4. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/china-reports-fatal-h5n6-avian-flu-case-0
  5. https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/press/20150122_0152.html
  6. https://southernagtoday.org/2023/09/07/the-rise-and-fall-of-u-s-chicken-feet-in-china-a-story-of-bird-flu-and-trade-bans/
  7. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/usa/partner/chn
  8. https://www.fda.gov/food/egg-guidance-regulation-and-other-information/questions-and-answers-regarding-safety-eggs-during-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-outbreaks
  9. https://www.annualreviews.org/deliver/fulltext/food/2/1/annurev-food-022510-133710.pdf?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133710&mimeType=application/pdf
  10. https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.132268999

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Analysis
H5N1 is another reason to avoid rare beefUnited States of America05/22/24

As grilling season heats up in the Northern Hemisphere, it is crucial to ensure meat is cooked to safe temperatures to prevent foodborne illness. While H5N1 has not been identified in retail beef, the current H5N1 outbreak among dairy cows warrants takin...SEE MORE

As grilling season heats up in the Northern Hemisphere, it is crucial to ensure meat is cooked to safe temperatures to prevent foodborne illness.

While H5N1 has not been identified in retail beef, the current H5N1 outbreak among dairy cows warrants taking additional precautions to ensure food safety. In a question-and-answer session with reporters, USDA scientists disclosed that existing safe cooking temperature recommendations for ground beef and steaks are adequate to prevent H5N1 exposure through food.

The USDA reported that hamburgers cooked to 120° Fahrenheit–the temperature of a rare steak–still contained traces of an H5N1 surrogate virus. The H5N1 surrogate virus was killed in hamburgers cooked to 145° F (medium) and 160° F (well done). While steaks are safe from other microbial contamination when cooked to 145° F, the USDA considers ground beef safe only when cooked to 160° F (well done). A complete list of safe minimum temperatures is available on the USDA website.

In addition to preventing possible H5N1 transmission, cooking meat to recommended temperatures helps prevent other foodborne illnesses caused by other viruses, bacteria, and parasites. An estimated 9.4 million cases of foodborne illness occur in the United States each year, and approximately 55,000 cases require hospitalization. Foodborne illnesses result in more than 1,300 deaths each year.

For your safety, PHC strongly recommends using a food thermometer to ensure meats reach safe internal temperatures. This inexpensive and easy-to-use tool can significantly reduce the incidence of foodborne illnesses.

References:

  1. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/h5n1-beef-safety-studies
  2. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/1/p1-1101_article

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Analysis
H5N1 Preprint Study Findings May Hold Good News for Cattle and Beef IndustryUnited States of America05/10/24

A recent preprint study of cow tissue may bode well for the beef industry and explain the unusual way that H5N1 appears to spread among dairy cows in the United States. Researchers studied various tissues present in dairy cows and identified that memory ...SEE MORE

A recent preprint study of cow tissue may bode well for the beef industry and explain the unusual way that H5N1 appears to spread among dairy cows in the United States.

Researchers studied various tissues present in dairy cows and identified that memory gland tissue–such as that found in a cow udder–contained a large number of the cell receptors that H5N1 binds to. Equally important, the study found low numbers of these H5N1 binding sites in respiratory and brain tissue.

These biological findings support the hypothesis that H5N1 is transmitted among cows by infected milk – likely small amounts of infected milk remaining on milking equipment. These findings also help explain why the most significant symptoms of H5N1 infection in dairy cows –mastitis and a drop in milk production–are unrelated to the respiratory and neurological systems, where H5N1 has previously been documented.

The beef industry should take notice of these findings. The 2.3.4.4b strain of the virus–in the absence of commercial milking equipment–may be hard to transmit between dairy cows and beef cattle or among beef cattle due to the low numbers of H5N1 receptor sites in the respiratory tract.

References:

  1. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592326v1

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Analysis
H5N1: Global Risk to CattleUnited States of America05/01/24

Although the United States is the only country that has detected H5N1 in cows, the discovery can still have global impacts. Examination of genomic sequences points to a single viral introduction from birds to dairy cows. This specific H5N1 has mutation...SEE MORE

Although the United States is the only country that has detected H5N1 in cows, the discovery can still have global impacts.

Examination of genomic sequences points to a single viral introduction from birds to dairy cows. This specific H5N1 has mutations that allowed researchers to identify its reintroduction into wild migratory birds. Spillback into migratory birds–or wild mammals–introduces the possibility of the dairy cattle H5N1 strain spreading throughout the United States and to additional countries. Migratory birds have spread earlier versions of H5N1 along their flyways, allowing new viruses to travel the world within two years.

Contaminated milking equipment is suspected of transmitting H5N1 between dairy cows, and the movement of dairy cattle can introduce the virus to new farms. Because dairy and beef operations are separate, dairy cows are unlikely to spread H5N1 to beef cattle directly. However, the fact that H5N1 was introduced to dairy cows does not eliminate the possibility of a future introduction to beef cattle. Understanding more about the mechanism by which H5N1 spreads between dairy cows is critical to understanding the possible impacts of H5N1 to beef cattle. Dairy cattle appear to recover fully after infection, with limited lost milking days. For beef cattle, a similar impact could be less efficient weight gain.

Agricultural businesses and businesses sensitive to the cost of poultry and cattle products should prepare for the possibility of H5N1 spreading to cattle beyond the United States. While pasteurization of dairy products and proper cooking of meat can ensure food safety, testing or treatment could increase production costs that may be passed to consumers.

The overall risk from H5N1 to the public is currently low. Because this strain of H5N1 does not spread readily from person-to-person, individuals working closely with birds and cows remain at the highest risk of infection. However, more research is needed to determine how transmissible this strain is from cows to humans. Ongoing genomic surveillance of H5N1 in cattle will be necessary to detect changes with implications for human health.

PHC will update this assessment as conditions change.

References:

  1. https://media.un.org/unifeed/en/asset/d320/d3202385
  2. https://twitter.com/MichaelWorobey/status/1782756133402509587/photo/1
  3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320723001428#f0005
  4. https://www.science.org/content/article/bird-flu-may-be-spreading-cows-milking-and-herd-transport

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Analysis
H5N1 in Dairy Cattle: What You Need to KnowUnited States of America04/26/24

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle is a rapidly evolving multi-state outbreak. In this analysis, PHC assesses the current situation and describes low-effort actions to take now. Details for each bullet are available a...SEE MORE

The detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle is a rapidly evolving multi-state outbreak. In this analysis, PHC assesses the current situation and describes low-effort actions to take now. Details for each bullet are available at the end of the analysis.

Brief Overview:

In March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 was detected in a dairy herd in Texas. In the following weeks, 33 herds in 8 states tested positive for H5N1. This week, viral fragments were found in grocery store milk. HPAI H5N1 has been devastating to poultry operations for several years. Before the current strain emerged, H5N1 had a roughly 50% mortality rate in humans, but the current strain (H5N1 2.3.4.4b) typically causes mild disease in people. The current outbreaks in cattle do not pose an immediate threat to employee safety or work continuity for enterprise businesses, but the situation is rapidly evolving. PHC details low-effort actions businesses can take now to prepare for potential shifts in the virus behavior.

PHC's assessment:

  • H5N1 has been circulating in cows for many months. [Strong evidence]
  • H5N1 genetic material is present in grocery store milk. [Strong evidence]
  • Infectious H5N1 is not present in grocery store milk. [More evidence needed]
  • Human infection with this H5N1 is often but not always mild. [More evidence needed]
  • Person-to-person transmission of H5N1 is currently rare. [Strong evidence]
  • Human infection with this strain of H5N1 is rare. [Not well investigated]
  • H5N1 is susceptible to commercially available antiviral medicines used to treat seasonal influenza. [Strong evidence]
  • Existing processes and manufacturing platforms can be used to jumpstart the development of a human vaccine against H5N1 if needed. [Strong evidence]
  • PHC predicts restrictions on and testing requirements for dairy cattle movement will continue to evolve. [High confidence]

Unanswered questions:

  • How did the first infection in a cow occur?
  • How is H5N1 transmitted between cows and from cows to humans?
  • How widespread is the outbreak?
  • How feasible is it to control H5N1 transmission within commercial farms?

Actions your business can take now:

  • Review your pandemic plan NOW, before there is an emergency.
  • Evaluate planning for flu vaccine clinics on site in the fall.
  • Maintain or establish a work culture that supports employees’ decisions to wear masks.
  • Maintain or increase the budget for cleaning supplies and hand sanitizer to avoid unexpected costs.
  • Businesses that provide food services should plan for the price of milk and eggs to fluctuate when developing budgets.

Evidence evaluation:

  • Strong evidence: The statement is well supported by publicly available data and established scientific knowledge.
  • More evidence needed: The statement is supported by evidence, but additional data is still needed (e.g., more testing required).
  • Not well investigated: The statement has some evidence to support it, but significant gaps exist.
  • Conflicting evidence: The statement has conflicting evidence, so more evidence is needed before drawing conclusions.

Additional details for items above:

H5N1 has been circulating in cows for many months. [Strong evidence]

On April 21, USDA released 249 genomic sequences to GISAID (the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data). Michael Worobey is a world-renowned expert in viral genomics who uses molecular and computational biology to understand how pandemics emerge and spread. Worobey’s team immediately analyzed the published sequences. Their analysis indicates the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the US cattle flu clade was late December, meaning this version of H5N1 has been circulating for months. Louise Moncla's lab at the University of Pennsylvania found similar results.

H5N1 genetic material is present in grocery store milk. [Strong evidence]

On April 23, the FDA reported that tests on grocery store milk had found genetic material from the same H5N1 virus identified in the sick dairy cattle. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a molecular biology technique used to determine the presence or absence of an organism’s DNA in a sample. The tests can identify pieces of the virus, which can be present even if the virus has been inactivated.

Andrew Bowman, a veterinary epidemiologist at Ohio State University, collected 150 commercial milk from 10 states. Using PCR, his team found 58 tested positive samples.

The discovery of H5N1 genetic material raises two questions. First, how widespread is the outbreak? The presence of H5N1 genetic material in milk may indicate that many more herds are impacted than known herds suggest. Secondly, are some infected cows not developing symptoms? If the cow appears well, dairy farms may not suspect infection and continue to milk the cow as usual.

Infectious H5N1 is NOT present in grocery store milk. [More evidence needed]

Although tests have detected the presence of viral H5N1 fragments in milk, that is not necessarily a cause for alarm. Pasteurization is likely to inactivate (kill) the virus but is not expected to remove inactive viral fragments from the milk.

Studies of pasteurization and virus inactivation indicate pasteurization should inactivate H5N1. Pasteurization was developed primarily to address the threat of infectious bacteria. Bacteria are typically much hardier than viruses. Additionally, influenza viruses are enveloped viruses and are more susceptible to heat and changes in pH.

Additional tests are being performed to confirm that these viral fragments are not capable of causing infection. Laboratory tests in which viral fragments are transferred to eggs to see if they can infect the eggs are currently in progress; the results of these tests are expected over the next few days.

Human infection with this H5N1 is often but not always mild [More evidence needed]

The US has identified two human cases of H5N1 in the past two years. The most recent case is a worker on the Texas dairy farm where H5N1 was identified; their only symptom was conjunctivitis. The other US case occurred in April 2022 in a person culling infected commercial poultry; they reported fatigue. Both cases recovered.

Internationally, several people have been infected with this H5N1 strain, including 5 asymptomatic cases in the UK and 2 asymptomatic cases in Spain. Chile, China, and Ecuador have reported a total of 4 severely ill cases with 1 death. Historically, other H5N1 strains have caused severe illness and high death rates in humans. Notably, H5N1 2.3.2.1c caused 4 illnesses (3 of them fatal) in Cambodia last year.

Person-to-person transmission of H5N1 is currently rare. [Strong evidence]

H5N1 does not have mutations that support easy person-to-person transmission. Between 2004 and 2007, there were rare non-sustained instances of human-to-human transmissions that most likely occurred between family members with prolonged close exposure to a sick individual. Those cases involved earlier strains. The current H5N1 2.3.4.4b strain did not emerge until 2020.

Over time, the virus may acquire mutations that make person-to-person transmission more efficient, reinforcing the need for effective interventions to control and monitor transmission in livestock, commercial flocks, and wild birds.

Human infection with this H5N1 is rare. [Not well investigated]

As of April 25, the CDC has tested 23 people for H5N1, is actively monitoring 44 people, and is passively monitoring additional people. Only one case has been detected.

Anecdotally, people in the bovine industry have observed sick people where there have been sick cows; however, it is also winter respiratory illness season, which may explain the illnesses. Because people are not regularly tested for H5N1, mild cases may have gone undetected.

H5N1 is susceptible to commercially available antiviral medicines used to treat seasonal influenza. [Strong evidence]

This week, the CDC concluded tests indicating that two classes of antiviral medications used to treat seasonal influenza are effective against H5N1. Neuraminidase inhibitors (e.g., oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), zanamivir, and peramivir) and polymerase inhibitors (e.g., baloxavir (Xofluza®)) can be used against H5N1. [Study results were shared at a symposium with PHC staff in attendance.]

The US maintains a Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) of several medications, including all the antivirals discussed above. These tens of millions of courses of antivirals can be used to supplement commercial sources and alleviate supply chain issues should they arise. No supply chain issues have been noted so far for these antiviral medications. During the 2022-2023 flu season, the early peak caused spot shortages, and the SNS remedied the deficit. If needed for H5N1, the SNS could follow the same operational plan used for that shortage.

Existing processes and manufacturing platforms can be used to jumpstart the development of a vaccine for H5N1 if needed. [Strong evidence]

Vaccination of humans against H5N1 is not a tool that is required at this time, but the preparedness steps are in place to develop vaccines and plans for administration. The CDC constantly monitors for emerging types of influenza. When they identify viruses that are sufficiently new or concerning in any way, they create candidate vaccine viruses. These are blueprints for a potential vaccine target. The National Pre-pandemic Influenza Vaccine Stockpile (NPIVS) program takes these candidates and completes the initial manufacturing of a potential vaccine. Completing this process before the vaccine is needed allows them to address manufacturing issues and build an initial vaccine supply. NPIVS also stockpiles other components of the vaccines to allow for rapid manufacturing.

Two H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses are well matched to the H5N1 in dairy cattle. NPIVS has completed an initial fill of some vaccine doses and is evaluating the appropriate regulatory pathway for use if they are needed for response. These hundreds of thousands of doses would be the initial rollout. A second wave would use stockpiled components to create up to 10 million doses. If more doses are needed, existing US government contracts with manufacturers would be leveraged for large-scale manufacturing. The current preparedness is covered as normal activities in the US budget; switching to a response posture would require additional funding from Congress.

PHC predicts restrictions on and testing requirements for dairy cattle movement will continue to evolve. [High confidence]

Numerous US states have restricted cattle imports from states with H5N1 outbreaks. USDA will require dairy cattle to have a negative Influenza A result for interstate travel. As of April 5, The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) did not recommend import restrictions on cattle or dairy products. WOAH recommendations have wide-reaching impacts. All countries that are members of the World Trade Organization agree to abide by WOAH assessments regarding import restrictions. An import risk analysis must be conducted according to WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code Chapter 2.1. Despite this requirement, on April 25, Colombia became the first country to restrict US beef exports.

Actions your business can take now:

Review your pandemic plan NOW, before there is an emergency.

The outbreak of H5N1 in dairy cattle serves as a reminder that new infectious disease outbreaks are inevitable. Companies should plan to review their pandemic plans yearly and when potential threats emerge. Ensure that personnel information reflects changes due to staff turnover or contact information changes. Be clear on how decisions will be made regarding office closures, changes to remote work policies, cleaning schedules, and provision of supplies like hand sanitizer and masks.

Evaluate planning for flu vaccine clinics on site in the fall.

On-site flu shot clinics reduce barriers to employees getting annual vaccinations for seasonal flu. Last year, some employers reported difficulty securing practitioners for on-site flu clinics. Early contracting with these clinics can help ensure your employees are protected against seasonal influenza. If H5N1 evolves to spread easily between humans, an additional flu vaccine may be developed (as happened in 2010 during the H1N1 pandemic). On-site flu clinics could be used to provide both seasonal and H5N1 vaccines if warranted.

Maintain or establish a work culture that supports employees’ decisions to wear masks.

Masks can be effective at preventing influenza and other infections. Individuals who are vulnerable or who have vulnerable family members may prefer to wear masks to reduce the risk of numerous airborne infections. A work culture that supports those decisions can make it easier for other employees to add this layer of protection if the risk rises. Reducing infections protects workers’ health, reduces absenteeism, and can reduce employer health insurance costs.

Assess the budget for items like cleaning supplies and hand sanitizer to avoid unexpected costs. Plan to restock early to avoid any shortages that develop.

The current situation is not a crisis; businesses should not overinvest in stockpiling. Nevertheless, the current outbreak introduces uncertainty around the demand for these products, and businesses should consider the cost of additional storage versus potential future order delays. Increasing the cadence for reviewing purchasing schedules may suffice during this early stage.

Businesses that provide food services should plan for the price of milk and eggs to fluctuate when developing budgets.

H5N1 outbreaks in US poultry have repeatedly resulted in significant losses of commercial poultry. The culling of egg-laying flocks has previously driven egg prices to record highs. The spring avian influenza season is starting, and egg prices are currently up 16% from January. Numerous industry publications predicted egg prices would not climb above 2023 prices, but avian influenza impacts remain unpredictable.

By comparison, infected dairy cattle appear to fully recover after about two weeks, a limited period of the cow’s overall milking days. Currently, the outbreaks are too limited to impact the availability of milk in the US. Cattle live longer and are far more expensive than poultry. Therefore, culling will not be an initial step in control. Mandatory testing or other interventions may add costs to milk production that are eventually passed down to the consumer (although USDA APHIS will compensate farmers for the cost of H5N1 testing for diagnostics or travel if performed at a National Animal Health Laboratory Network lab). Consumer reaction to the discovery of H5N1 genetic material in grocery store milk may have a larger impact on the industry.

References:

  1. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock
  2. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/usda-publishes-h5n1-influenza-virus-genetic
  3. https://twitter.com/MichaelWorobey/status/1782756133402509587
  4. https://twitter.com/LouiseHMoncla/status/1783555179180356093
  5. https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/updates-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-hpai
  6. https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-government-taking-action-stop-cow-flu-it-too-little-too-late
  7. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=131.3
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32650645/
  9. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/spotlights/2022-2023/h5n1-technical-report_october.htm
  10. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/spotlights/2022-2023/h5n1-technical-report_october.htm
  11. https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/industry/message-ag-industry-about-h5n1
  12. https://aspr.hhs.gov/SNS/Pages/Access-to-Influenza-Countermeasure.aspx
  13. https://medicalcountermeasures.gov/barda/influenza-and-emerging-infectious-diseases/pandemic-vaccines-adjuvants/
  14. https://www.avma.org/news/states-begin-restrict-cattle-imports-those-influenza-cases
  15. https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2024/04/24/usda-actions-protect-livestock-health-highly-pathogenic-h5n1-avian
  16. https://www.woah.org/en/high-pathogenicity-avian-influenza-in-cattle/
  17. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/coher_e/wto_oie_e.htm
  18. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/colombia-becomes-first-country-restrict-us-beef-due-bird-flu-dairy-cows-2024-04-25/

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PHC Global provides this material for informational purposes only. It does not constitute, and is not a substitute for, medical services or advice and should not be construed as such.

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BLOG POST
H5N1 and the risks to enterprise businesses globallyUnited States of America05/08/24

Influenza viruses, including H5N1, are notorious for their constant evolution. Although the H5N1 2.3.4.4b strain currently poses little risk of person-to-person transmission, that could rapidly change....SEE MORE

Influenza viruses, including H5N1, are notorious for their constant evolution. Although the H5N1 2.3.4.4b strain currently poses little risk of person-to-person transmission, that could rapidly change. It would only take the wrong cow to meet the wrong bird for the virus to morph into one that could cause more severe disease symptoms or become more transmissible. That ability to easily pick up new genetic characteristics is why influenza constantly ranks as having the highest pandemic potential and why businesses need H5N1 on their radar.

Influenza is particularly good at traveling the globe.

Genomic sequencing indicates that an initial H5N1 spillover from birds to several dairy cattle herds. Movement of cattle with undetected infections spread H5N1 to other farms. After this introduction into dairy cows, spillback into migratory birds—or wild mammals—could cause the dairy cattle H5N1 strain to spread further within the United States or beyond its borders

These concerns aren’t overblown. Migratory birds have spread earlier versions of H5N1 along their flyways, allowing new viruses to travel the world within two years.

Movement of dairy cattle can introduce the virus to new farms, even with the new Federal testing requirements for cattle. Once the infection is introduced to a farm, H5N1 can quickly spread among dairy cows, likely through contaminated milking equipment. H5N1 infection in cows is mild; the most pronounced symptom is a temporary reduction in milk production. However, H5N1 has caused significant illness–and high rates of mortality–in other mammals. An earlier version of H5N1 had a ~50% mortality rate in humans.

Agriculture impacts ripple globally

What happens on the farm doesn’t stay on the farm. Agriculture impacts ripple globally.

Given the potential economic impact of H5N1 on milk production and operational costs, it’s only natural that it is top of mind for agricultural businesses.

However, enterprise businesses outside the agricultural sector are also exposed to risks. Most immediately, enterprise businesses—including those outside the United States—purchasing poultry or cattle products (eggs, dairy, beef, etc.) should prepare for price fluctuations. 
Influenza viruses constantly evolve, and these shifts can happen quickly. In an ever-changing—and mutating—landscape, staying ahead of risks is more important than ever. PHC Global’s Pharos early warning system empowers subscribers to stay ahead of the curve and effectively manage risks before a significant disruption occurs.

Don’t let the next biological threat compromise your business continuity. Sign up for a free trial of PHC Pharos today and equip your business with the tools needed for an ever-changing world, so you can protect your people, assets and revenue.

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To Prepare Against the Worst, CSOs Need High-Impact H5N1 ScenariosUnited States of America05/07/24

What is the Milk Warning Us About? H5N1 in dairy cattle is a wake-up call to CSOs. COVID may feel over, but new disruptive biosecurity threats are constantly emerging. Last week, we told you the milk isn’t the threat—it’s the warning....SEE MORE

What is the Milk Warning Us About?

H5N1 in dairy cattle is a wake-up call to CSOs. COVID may feel over, but new disruptive biosecurity threats are constantly emerging. Last week, we told you the milk isn't the threat—it's the warning. If H5N1 evolves dangerously, the CSO role will once again be responsible for the company response plan, but the knock-on effects of biosecurity threats can be hard to anticipate. This week, we walk you through three possible and highly disruptive H5N1 scenarios: the agricultural disaster, the moderate pandemic, and the severe pandemic. These scenarios are valuable for shaping preparedness strategies and highlighting biologically possible outcomes but are not intended as near-term predictions.

Scenario #1 Massive Agricultural Disruption

In Scenario #1, H5N1 evolves to massively disrupt agriculture by causing severe disease in dairy or beef cattle or by asymptomatically infecting humans who could unintentionally spread the virus throughout commodity operations (cattle or poultry). The consequences of an H5N1-driven catastrophic agricultural disease would be extensive. Initially, commodity prices would rise dramatically; those costs would then ripple through the US economy. The food industry, grocery stores, restaurants, and anywhere serving food (including public schools and hospitals) would feel the brunt of food scarcity and high prices. How would your food services team adapt? Will there be cost overruns?

Massive-Agricultural-Disruption

A devastating agricultural H5N1 would trigger an international response. Although World Trade Organization member countries are required to justify trade restrictions due to disease, fear could trigger highly reactive import bans. Even if the World Organization for Animal Health (the designated adjudicator of animal disease-related embargos) eventually found import restrictions could not be justified, the impact on U.S. markets would be massive. Agriculture, food, and related industries contribute 5.6% of the US GDP and employ 10.4% of US workers. 2023 US export values included $9.97B (beef), $8.01B (dairy), $5.49B (poultry), and $760M (eggs).

Scenario #2 A Moderate Pandemic – H1N1 Redux

In Scenario #2, H5N1 acquires the ability to be transmitted between people. Influenza viruses have two protein spikes on their outer layer: the H in H5 and the N in N1. Pandemic influenza viruses have novel spike proteins that our immune systems haven’t seen before. That universal lack of past exposure through infection and vaccine means essentially all people are susceptible to the new virus. Current seasonal influenza vaccines cover an H3N2 and an H1N1 (along with two influenza B viruses); the H5 would be entirely new.

Pandemic severity reflects the transmissibility and severity of illness. In Scenario #2, H5N1 would echo the 2009-2010 H1N1 swine flu pandemic, which was moderately infectious and moderately severe. To imagine the company impacts of this scenario, CSOs can review the impacts that moderate biosecurity threats (e.g., H1N1 or Zika) had on their operations and assess what new options exist today. Key questions include:

  • What departments or roles had the greatest excess absenteeism or reduced productivity? What were the challenges faced in 2009-2010, and were they fully addressed during COVID-19, or do you need to find solutions? Where hybrid isn’t an option, did reduced customer demand match absenteeism impacts?
  • Did your business host flu vaccine clinics onsite to lower barriers to employees getting the extra flu shot? H1N1 got a separate vaccine from seasonal flu that year. The same thing could happen if H5N1 evolves. Reducing infections can limit productivity losses, reduce absenteeism, and save on health insurance premiums.
  • Are your business continuity plans up to date, to include lessons learned? Do they reflect the current organizational structure and identify the correct decision makers?
H5N1 Goes Person-to-Person and Regains Previous Severity

Scenario #3 A Severe Pandemic – H5N1 Goes Person-to-Person and Regains Previous Severity

In this darkest scenario, a severe H5N1 pandemic spreads easily between people and regularly causes severe disease. An earlier strain of H5N1 killed about 50% of identified human cases. Even if H5N1 didn’t kill half of the people infected, a plausible worst-case scenario could see rates much higher than the 8.7% case fatality rate that COVID averaged in studies conducted during the first year of the pandemic. This severe influenza pandemic would be COVID on steroids.

No pandemic looks exactly like the previous pandemic, but the experience of decision makers can be invaluable in tackling a new crisis. Before staff turnover cements a complete loss of institutional knowledge, CSOs should document not just the decisions made during past pandemics but also the challenges and the considerations. A playbook that dictates if X then Y will rapidly fall short. Instead, CSOs should record the decision-making processes, criteria, considerations, and ripple effects. Lessons learned should not focus on the specific tactical solution selected but rather on how leaders successfully understood the problem and strategically planned for it.

Waiting to develop a plan is too risky for today's conditions. These scenarios require thoughtful consideration and planning to ensure your business weathers any possible disruption. PHC Global understands businesses need early warning on both tactical and strategic intelligence. We combine expertise, data, and technology to give you the insight you need now to ensure business continuity.

Sign up for a free trial of PHC Pharos today and equip your business with the tools needed for an ever-changing world, so you can protect your people, assets and revenue.

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If the grocery store milk is safe, why are experts worried about H5N1?United States of America05/02/24

Before COVID-19, when pandemic experts imagined the next great threat, we always started with a novel influenza virus. Other diseases have also caused pandemics, but influenza is a constantly evolving and ever-present threat....SEE MORE

Before COVID-19, when pandemic experts imagined the next great threat, we always started with a novel influenza virus. Other diseases have also caused pandemics, but influenza is a constantly evolving and ever-present threat. Seasonal influenza viruses have slight changes that let them infect people year after year, but pandemics come from significant shifts in the virus. The 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic was most recent, but the Great Influenza pandemic of 1918 is what we feared most – one-fifth of the world infected and 50 million dead, far more than the 16 million lives lost in World War I.

Flu viruses are excellent at picking up mutations. When two different viruses infect the same person or animal, they can exchange genetic material. The current H5N1 strain (H5N1 2.3.4.4b) can now infect a surprisingly wide variety of birds and mammals. While it is no longer as deadly in humans (the 50% fatality rate was seen earlier in different H5N1 strains), it has caused mass die-offs in sea lions and seals. The more it spreads in mammals, the more opportunities for a mutation that could enable it to cause severe disease in humans or allow for person-to-person transmission. The detection of H5N1 viral fragments in 1 out of 5 grocery store milk samples in many states indicates the virus is far more widespread than initially thought. As expected, gold-standard egg-inoculation tests have shown that pasteurization inactivates the virus. The milk isn’t the threat; it’s the early warning of what could happen.

Milk at store

For most enterprise businesses, the current situation is a straightforward, early signal of a potential disruptive threat. The virus may never evolve to transmit between people, but it has regularly surprised us. With COVID in the rear-view mirror for many, the current situation is a reminder that biosecurity threats will continue to emerge.

Businesses can take several actions now:

  • Review your pandemic plan NOW, before an emergency: update personnel information and ensure designated decision-makers know their roles and decision criteria.
  • Evaluate planning for flu vaccine clinics on site in the fall. If H5N1 evolves to spread easily between humans, an additional flu vaccine may be developed (as happened in the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic). On-site flu clinics could provide both seasonal and H5N1 vaccines if warranted.
  • Encourage employees to stay home when sick and to work from home as appropriate. This practice prepares employees and IT teams for widespread remote or hybrid work, if necessary maintain or establish a work culture that supports employees’ choices to wear masks. An open environment makes it easier for other employees to add this layer of protection if the risk rises. Reducing infections protects workers’ health, reduces absenteeism, and can reduce employer health insurance costs.
  • Maintain or increase the budget for cleaning supplies and hand sanitizer to avoid unexpected costs. Increase the cadence for reviewing purchasing schedules. An unpredictable future is not the time for “set it and forget it."
  • Prepare for milk and egg price volatility when developing food service budgets. Mandatory testing or other interventions may add costs to milk production that are eventually passed down to the consumer.

Staying ahead of potential risks is more critical now than ever; that’s where PHC Pharos comes in. As a dedicated early warning system, PHC Pharos empowers subscribers with real-time intelligence and expert recommendations to navigate the complex biosecurity landscape effectively. It’s not simply managing potential risks; it’s about solutions and staying ahead of them.

Don’t wait for the next biological threat to disrupt your business continuity.

Sign up for PHC Pharos today and equip your business with the tools to stay one step ahead in an ever-changing world.

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